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Ruben's Nursing 50B > Inflammation & Immunity > Flashcards

Inflammation & Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major defenses that protect against disease when the body is invaded by organisms?

A
  • inflammation

- immunity

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2
Q

What is the term for having proper functioning of the body’s ability to maintain itself and defend against disease?

A

immunocompetent

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways that inflammation and immunity provide protection?

A
  • neutralizing
  • eliminating
  • destroying
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4
Q

What is the term for the ability to recognize self cells versus non-self cells (in immunology)?

A

self-tolerance

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5
Q

What makes self-tolerance possible?

A

different proteins are present on cell membrane and are used for identification

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6
Q

What is the name of the antigen that is present on the surfaces of nearly all body cells as a normal part of the person and acts as an antigen only if it enters another person’s body?

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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7
Q

What is the term for a foreign protein or allergen that is capable of causing an immune response?

A

allergen

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8
Q

What is the source of all blood cells?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the term for immature, undifferentiated cells produced in the bone marrow?

A

stem cells

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10
Q

What is the term for a cell that has more than one potential outcome?

A

pluripotent

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11
Q

What is the hormone that turns an immature stem cell into an RBCs

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

Which cells protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms?

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

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13
Q

What are the 3 processes needed for human protection through immunity?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
  3. cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
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14
Q

What does full immunity require?

A

the function AND interaction of all three processes needed for human protection through immunity

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15
Q

Which bodily function provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins?

A

inflammation (aka innate-native immunity/natural immunity)

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16
Q

List the 5 types of leukocytes related to inflammation:

A
  1. neutrophil (phagocytosis)
  2. macrophage (recognition/phagocytosis)
  3. monocyte (desctruction/matures into macrophage)
  4. eosinophi (allegergy)
  5. basophil ( histamine/heparin release)
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17
Q

List the 3 types of leukocytes related to AMI:

A
  1. B-lymphocyte
  2. plasma cell
  3. memory cell
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18
Q

List the 3 types of leukocytes related to CMI

A
  1. helper/inducer T-cell
  2. cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cell
  3. natural killer cell
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19
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion

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20
Q

What is the term for an increase in the band cells (immature neutrophils) in the white blood cell differential count? What does it indicate?

A
  • left shift

- bone marrow cannot produce enough mature neutrophils to keep up with the continuing infection

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21
Q

What is the function of a macrophage?

A
  • stimulate longer lasting AMI and CMI
  • phaygocytosis
  • repair
  • secretion of cytokines
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22
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

cause the manifestations of inflammation via the release of heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinins, and leukotrienes

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23
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  • active against infestations of parasitic larvae

- limits inflammatory reactions

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24
Q

What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. exposure/invasion
  2. attraction
  3. adherence
  4. recognition
  5. cellular ingestion
  6. phagosome formation
  7. degradation
25
Q

What is the term for a substance that attracts neutrophils and macrophages?

A

chemotaxins

26
Q

What is the term for a substance that increases contact of the cell with its target by coating the target cell?

A

opsonins

27
Q

What are the five cardinal manifestations of inflammation?

A
  1. warmth
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. decreased function
28
Q

What is involved with stage I of the inflammatory response?

A

early effects of inflammation involve changes in the blood vessels

29
Q

What is involved with stage II of the inflammatory response?

A

cellular exudate become part of the response

30
Q

What is involved with stage III of the inflammatory response?

A

tissue repair and replacement

31
Q

What is the term for an increased blood flow to an area?

A

hyperemia

32
Q

What determines the degree of function lost after tissue repair and replacement?

A

the amount of normal tissue that is replaced by scar tissue

33
Q

What is the adaptive internal protection that results in long-term resistance to the effects of invading microorganisms?

A

immunity

34
Q

What is the immunity that involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate or destroy foreign proteins?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) aka humoral immunity

35
Q

What are the 7 steps for AMI?

A
  1. exposure/invasion
  2. antigen recognition (macrophage + T-cell)
  3. lymphocyte sensitization (B-lymphocyte –> plasma cell & memory cell)
  4. antibody production & release
  5. antigen-antibody binding
  6. antibody-binding reactions
  7. sustained immunity (memory)
36
Q

What is the term for the clumping action that results from the antibody linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes?

A

agglutination

37
Q

What is the term for cell membrane destruction?

A

lysis

38
Q

What are actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can remove or destroy antigen?

A

complement activation and fixation

39
Q

What are the two classes of antibody that can activate the complement system?

A

IgG

IgM

40
Q

What is term for large scale agglutination?

A

precipitation

41
Q

What is the process of making an antigen harmless without destroying it?

A

inactivation (neutralization)

42
Q

What provides us with long-lasting immunity to a specific antigen?

A

sustained immunity (memory)

43
Q

What is the term for antibodies because they are globular proteins that provide immunity?

A

immunoglobulin

44
Q

What are the 5 classification criteria for antibodies?

A
  • size
  • location
  • amount
  • function
  • timing
45
Q

What are the 5 antibody types?

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
46
Q

Which type of immunity is the most effective and longest lasting?

A

natural active immunity

47
Q

Which type of immunity is the protection developed by vaccination or immunization?

A

artificial active immunity

48
Q

Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies against an antigen are in a person’s body but were not created there?

A

passive immunity

49
Q

Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrum?

A

natural passive immunity

50
Q

Which type of immunity involves injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal?

A

artificial passive immunity

51
Q

Which WBCs have the most important roles in CMI?

A
  • T lymphocytes (T-cells)

- natural killer (NK) cells

52
Q

What are the three T-lymphocyte subsets that are critically important for the development and continuation of CMI?

A
  • helper/inducer T-cells
  • suppressor T-cells
  • cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells
53
Q

Which T-lymphocyte subset produces lymphokines which increase bone marrow production of stem cells and speed up their maturation

A

helper/inducer T-cells

54
Q

Which T-lymphocyte subset regulates CMI and prevents hypersensitivity

A

suppressor T-cells

55
Q

Which T-lymphocyte subset contains a processed antigen’s HLA?

A

cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells

56
Q

What is the term for small protein hormones produced by many of the WBCs?

A

cytokines

57
Q

How soon after transplantation does hyperacute rejection occur?

A

immediately on transplant

58
Q

How soon after transplantation does acute rejection occur?

A

within 1 week to 3 months after surgery

59
Q

What is the term for continuous immunosuppression used after a solid organ transplant?

A

maintenance therapy

Ruben's Nursing 50B (15 decks)

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