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Ruben's Nursing 50B > Inflammation & Immunity > Flashcards

Inflammation & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major defenses that protect against disease when the body is invaded by organisms?

A
  • inflammation

- immunity

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2
Q

What is the term for having proper functioning of the body’s ability to maintain itself and defend against disease?

A

immunocompetent

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways that inflammation and immunity provide protection?

A
  • neutralizing
  • eliminating
  • destroying
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4
Q

What is the term for the ability to recognize self cells versus non-self cells (in immunology)?

A

self-tolerance

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5
Q

What makes self-tolerance possible?

A

different proteins are present on cell membrane and are used for identification

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6
Q

What is the name of the antigen that is present on the surfaces of nearly all body cells as a normal part of the person and acts as an antigen only if it enters another person’s body?

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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7
Q

What is the term for a foreign protein or allergen that is capable of causing an immune response?

A

allergen

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8
Q

What is the source of all blood cells?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the term for immature, undifferentiated cells produced in the bone marrow?

A

stem cells

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10
Q

What is the term for a cell that has more than one potential outcome?

A

pluripotent

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11
Q

What is the hormone that turns an immature stem cell into an RBCs

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

Which cells protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms?

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

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13
Q

What are the 3 processes needed for human protection through immunity?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
  3. cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
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14
Q

What does full immunity require?

A

the function AND interaction of all three processes needed for human protection through immunity

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15
Q

Which bodily function provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins?

A

inflammation (aka innate-native immunity/natural immunity)

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16
Q

List the 5 types of leukocytes related to inflammation:

A
  1. neutrophil (phagocytosis)
  2. macrophage (recognition/phagocytosis)
  3. monocyte (desctruction/matures into macrophage)
  4. eosinophi (allegergy)
  5. basophil ( histamine/heparin release)
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17
Q

List the 3 types of leukocytes related to AMI:

A
  1. B-lymphocyte
  2. plasma cell
  3. memory cell
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18
Q

List the 3 types of leukocytes related to CMI

A
  1. helper/inducer T-cell
  2. cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cell
  3. natural killer cell
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19
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion

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20
Q

What is the term for an increase in the band cells (immature neutrophils) in the white blood cell differential count? What does it indicate?

A
  • left shift

- bone marrow cannot produce enough mature neutrophils to keep up with the continuing infection

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21
Q

What is the function of a macrophage?

A
  • stimulate longer lasting AMI and CMI
  • phaygocytosis
  • repair
  • secretion of cytokines
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22
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

cause the manifestations of inflammation via the release of heparin, histamine, serotonin, kinins, and leukotrienes

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23
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  • active against infestations of parasitic larvae

- limits inflammatory reactions

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24
Q

What are the 7 steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. exposure/invasion
  2. attraction
  3. adherence
  4. recognition
  5. cellular ingestion
  6. phagosome formation
  7. degradation
25
What is the term for a substance that attracts neutrophils and macrophages?
chemotaxins
26
What is the term for a substance that increases contact of the cell with its target by coating the target cell?
opsonins
27
What are the five cardinal manifestations of inflammation?
1. warmth 2. redness 3. swelling 4. pain 5. decreased function
28
What is involved with stage I of the inflammatory response?
early effects of inflammation involve changes in the blood vessels
29
What is involved with stage II of the inflammatory response?
cellular exudate become part of the response
30
What is involved with stage III of the inflammatory response?
tissue repair and replacement
31
What is the term for an increased blood flow to an area?
hyperemia
32
What determines the degree of function lost after tissue repair and replacement?
the amount of normal tissue that is replaced by scar tissue
33
What is the adaptive internal protection that results in long-term resistance to the effects of invading microorganisms?
immunity
34
What is the immunity that involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate or destroy foreign proteins?
Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) aka humoral immunity
35
What are the 7 steps for AMI?
1. exposure/invasion 2. antigen recognition (macrophage + T-cell) 3. lymphocyte sensitization (B-lymphocyte --> plasma cell & memory cell) 4. antibody production & release 5. antigen-antibody binding 6. antibody-binding reactions 7. sustained immunity (memory)
36
What is the term for the clumping action that results from the antibody linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes?
agglutination
37
What is the term for cell membrane destruction?
lysis
38
What are actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can remove or destroy antigen?
complement activation and fixation
39
What are the two classes of antibody that can activate the complement system?
IgG | IgM
40
What is term for large scale agglutination?
precipitation
41
What is the process of making an antigen harmless without destroying it?
inactivation (neutralization)
42
What provides us with long-lasting immunity to a specific antigen?
sustained immunity (memory)
43
What is the term for antibodies because they are globular proteins that provide immunity?
immunoglobulin
44
What are the 5 classification criteria for antibodies?
- size - location - amount - function - timing
45
What are the 5 antibody types?
- IgA - IgD - IgE - IgG - IgM
46
Which type of immunity is the most effective and longest lasting?
natural active immunity
47
Which type of immunity is the protection developed by vaccination or immunization?
artificial active immunity
48
Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies against an antigen are in a person's body but were not created there?
passive immunity
49
Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrum?
natural passive immunity
50
Which type of immunity involves injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal?
artificial passive immunity
51
Which WBCs have the most important roles in CMI?
- T lymphocytes (T-cells) | - natural killer (NK) cells
52
What are the three T-lymphocyte subsets that are critically important for the development and continuation of CMI?
- helper/inducer T-cells - suppressor T-cells - cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells
53
Which T-lymphocyte subset produces lymphokines which increase bone marrow production of stem cells and speed up their maturation
helper/inducer T-cells
54
Which T-lymphocyte subset regulates CMI and prevents hypersensitivity
suppressor T-cells
55
Which T-lymphocyte subset contains a processed antigen's HLA?
cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells
56
What is the term for small protein hormones produced by many of the WBCs?
cytokines
57
How soon after transplantation does hyperacute rejection occur?
immediately on transplant
58
How soon after transplantation does acute rejection occur?
within 1 week to 3 months after surgery
59
What is the term for continuous immunosuppression used after a solid organ transplant?
maintenance therapy

Ruben's Nursing 50B (15 decks)

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