Urine 2.0

Question 1

Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume:
-One main function of kidneys is to make any adjustment needed to maintain body fluid () concentration
(): number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O
-Kidneys produce only small amounts of urine if the body is dehydrated, or dilute urine if overhydrated

Answer 1

osmotic
Osmolality

Question 2

(): urine is examined for signs of disease
-Can also be used to test for illegal substances

Assessing renal function requires both () and () examination
-Example: renal function can be assessed by measuring () wastes in () only
-To determine renal (), both blood and urine are required

Answer 2

Urinalysis
blood,urine
nitrogenous,blood
clearance

Question 3

Renal (): volume of plasma kidneys can clear of a particular substance in a given time
Renal clearance tests are used to determine GFR
To help detect () damage
To follow progress of renal ()

Answer 3

clearance
glomerular
disease

Question 4

(/)disease: defined as a GFR < 60 ml/min for 3 months
Filtrate formation decreases, ()
wastes accumulate in blood, pH becomes acidic
Seen in (/) and ()

Answer 4

Chronic renal
nitrogenous
diabetes mellitus,hypertension

Question 5

(/) defined as GFR < 15 ml/min
Causes (): ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, toxic molecule accumulation
Symptoms: fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes, cramps
Treatment: () or transplant

Answer 5

Renal failure:
uremia
hemodialysis

Question 6

Chemical ()
95% () and 5% ()
() wastes
() (from amino acid breakdown): largest solute component
(/)(from nucleic acid metabolism)
() (metabolite of creatine phosphate)
Other normal solutes found in urine
Na+, K+, PO43–, and SO42–, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3–

Answer 6

composition
water,solutes
Nitrogenous
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

Question 7

Abnormally high concentrations of any constituent, or abnormal components such as blood proteins, (), and () pigments, may indicate pathology

Answer 7

WBCs,bile

Question 8

Physical characteristics
() and transparency
()
() may indicate urinary tract infection

Pale to deep () from () ()
Pigment from () breakdown
Yellow color deepens with increased concentration

Abnormal color ()
Can be caused by certain foods, bile pigments, blood, drugs

Answer 8

Color
Clear
Cloudy
yellow,urochrome,urobilin
hemoglobin
pink, brown, smoky

Question 9

Odor
Slightly () when fresh
Develops ammonia odor upon standing as bacteria metabolize urea

May be altered by some drugs or vegetables (asparagus)

Disease may alter smell
Patients with diabetes may have () smell to urine

Answer 9

aromatic
acetone

Question 10

pH
Urine is slightly () (~pH 6, with range of 4.5 to 8.0)
() diet (protein, whole wheat) can cause drop in pH
() diet (vegetarian), prolonged vomiting, or urinary tract infections can cause an increase in pH

(/)
Ratio of mass of substance to mass of equal volume of water (specific gravity of water = 1)
Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 because urine is made up of water and solutes

Answer 10

acidic
Acidic
Alkaline
Specific gravity

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

Glycouria
Cause diabetes mellitues

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

Proteinuria, albuminuria
Causes: excessive physical exertion,pregnancy, heart failure, hypertension

Question 13

Ketone bodies

Answer 13

Ketonuria
Cause: Excessive formation and accumulation of ketone bodies

Question 14

Hemoglobin

Answer 14

Hemoglobinuria
Causes: transfusion reaction, severe burns

Question 15

Bile pigments

Answer 15

Bilirubinuria
Causes: Liver disease

Question 16

Erythrocytes

Answer 16

Hematuria
Causes: Bleeding urinary tract

Question 17

Leukocytes(pus)

Answer 17

Pyuria
Causes: UTI

Question 18

Renal (): kidney stones in renal pelvis
Crystallized calcium, magnesium, or (/) salts
Large stones can block ureter, obstructing urine flow, causing excrutiating pain from flank to abdomen
() – stone in kidneys
() – stone lodged in ureters

Answer 18

calculi
uric acid
Nephrolithiasis
Ureterolithiasis

Question 19

Most small stones pass without intervention

Larger stones or those lodged in ureter can be removed endoscopically or surgically

Many kidney calculi can be treated with ()
Procedure that uses acoustic wave energy to break stones so they pass more easily
Risk factors: () and elevated blood () levels
Prevention: adequate hydration

Answer 19

lithotripsy
obesity
calcium

Question 20

(): inflammation of urethra

Answer 20

Urethritis

Question 21

(): bladder infection

Answer 21

Cystitis

Question 22

(), also called () or voiding
Three simultaneous events must occur
1.Contraction of () muscle by ANS
2.Opening of () urethral sphincter by ()
3.Opening of () urethral sphincter by () nervous system
() (pons) control centers mature between ages 2 and3

Answer 22

Micturition
urination
detrusor
internal,ANS
external,somatic
Pontine

Question 23

() incontinence: in adults, usually caused by weakened pelvic muscles
() incontinence
Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through external sphincter
Laughing, coughing, or sneezing can cause incontinence

() incontinence
Urine dribbles when bladder overfills

Answer 23

Urinary
Stress
Overflow

Question 24

Urinary ()
Bladder is unable to expel urine

Causes:
Common after general ()
() of prostate
Treatment: (), medications

Answer 24

retention
anesthesia
Hypertrophy
catheterization