Clinical lab/ Pathology practice Flashcards by Gabriella Cruz

Male hematocrit
Female hematocrit:

42-52%
36-46%

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Normal fasting blood glucose level

70-100mg/dl

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normal Ph of blood

7.35-7.45

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Normal TOTAL WBC

4500-11,000/microlitter

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Normal female hemoglobin
Normal Male hemoglobin

12-16g/100ml
13-18g/100ml

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Normal OGTT response

Blood glucose below 140

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Total RBC

4/6mill

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Female-total Blood V
Male-total Blood V

4-5L
5-6L

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Normal Platelet count

150-400,000/ml

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Significant loss of red blood cells (RBC) & oxygen due to rapid blood loss

Hemorrhagic Anemia

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Over-secretion of growth hormone (GH) from an anterior pituitary gland in children and pediatric cases

Gigantism

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A formed blood clot that is still attached to the inner blood vessel wall and fixed in place

Thrombus

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Hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) caused by genetic deficient in infants and young children, causing shortened height and lack of normal sized growth

Pituitary dwarfism

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animea that is caused by low plasma iron levels; easy to fix with iron supplement

Iorn-deficient anemia

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A drop in blood Ph due to a buildup of acid caused by an extreme increase in fat metabolism in diabetics who can’t use insulin and glucose properly

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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Lowered RBC and hemoglobin count because of a genetic lack of intrinsic factor, causing low vit B12 levels that results in low iron and hemoglobin production

Pernicious anemia

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An excess production of RBC causing the blood to be dangerously more thick and viscous

polycythemia

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Overgrowth in the hands, feet, and face in adults caused by a hypersecretion

Acromegaly

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Damage and stopped production and growth of red blood cells usually caused by drugs, chemotheraphy and /or radiation like that given in cancer treatment

Aplastic anemia

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Low levels of T3/T4, dry skin, cold intolerance,fatigue/lethargy, hair loss and low metabolism/weight gain

Hypothyroidism

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An elevated, high white blood cells (WBC) count; usually a sign of infection

leukocytosis

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excess levels of T3/T4 sweating, hyperactivity, insomia, rapid heart rate and protruding of the eys known as exopthalmos

Hyperthyroidism

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A piece of blood clot that has broken loose and travels in the bloodstream until it gets stuck, blocking a smaller blood vessel

emblous

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A genetic condition affecting African American genetic that causes cresent-shaped,misshapen red blood cells (RBC) causes low oxygen carrying capacity

Sickle-Cell anemia

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Another name of sweating

Diaphoresis

Normal bp

120/80

60-100bpm

2 concerning symptoms of Heart attack

chest pain, Sweating

Right side heart receives () via tissues Left side heart receives () via lungs

deoxygenated oxygenated

Double walled sack surrounding heart

Pericardium

Inflammation of pericardium

Pericarditis

Excess fluid leaking into pericardial space Treatment: Pericardiocentesis

Cardiac tamponade

Condition where the blood back flows so heart repumps same blood

Incompetent valve

Stiff flaps that constrict opening

Valvular stenosis

Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood supply to myocardium

Angina Pectoris

Heart Attack

Myocardial infarction

Irregular heart rhythms Uncoordinated Atrial and Ventricular contractions

Arrhythmia

Rapid irregular contractions

Fibrillation

() Sends signals through sympathetic trunk increase rate and force () Parasympathetic signals via vagus nerve lowers

Cardioacceleratory Cardioinhibitory

Graphic recording of electrical activity in heart

Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiography: () wave: depolarization of SA node and atria () complex: ventricular depolarization and () repolarization () wave: ventricular ()

P QRS atrial T repolarization

Enlarged R waves

enlarged ventricles

Elevated or depressed S-T segment

Cardiac ischemia

Prolonged Q-T intervals

Ventricular arrythmias

Period of heart contraction

Systole

Period of heart relaxation

Diastole

Blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat

Cardiac cycle

Abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions

Heart Murmurs

CO= () x ()

Hr x SV

() is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

stroke volume

SV= () - ()

End diastolic v - End systolic v

Inotropic

Contractility

Positive chronotropic factors increasing hr

Epinephrine, Dobutamine,Atropine

Negative chronotropic factors decreasing Hr

Acidosis(low acidic Ph) increase k+, Beta blockers,digoxin

() increases HR

Thyroxine

Depresses Heart Elevates Heart

Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia

alters electrical activity, heart block/cardiac arrest Feeble heartbeat/arrhythmias

Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia

Fast heart rate >100bpm

Tachycardia

Low heart rate < 60bpm

Bradycardia

Progressive condition where CO is to low poor blood circulation

Congestive heart failure

Left side heart failure results in Right sided heart failure results in

Pulmonary congestion Peripheral

Mixing of oxygen poor and rich blood in infants called: Narrowed valves or vessels called: Both types:

Septal defect, Patent ductus arteriosus Coartaction of aorta Tetralogy of fallot

Test to see peripheral blood flow is good

Capillary refill

Dysfunctional valves

Varicous veins

The greatest influence on resistance in blood flow

Blood vessel diameter

Radius increase, resistance () Gradient increase- blood flow ()

decrease increases

Vital Signs

Pulse,Temp,Blood pressure, respiratory rate

Systolic pressure normal lower then

120mm Hg

Diastolic pressure normal lower then

80 mm Hg

Neural control: () reflex causes () and decreased

Barorceptor Vasodilation CO

() high levels causes vasoconstriction () causes Na+ reabsorption in kidneys

ADH Aldosterone

Decreases BP by antagonizing aldosterone

Natural natriuretic peptide

Decreased arterial BP causes release of () from kidneys Renin enters blood and converts to () from liver to angiotensin l Angiotensin-converting enzyme from lungs converts angiotensin l angiotensin ll

RENIN angiotensinogen

Hypertension : ()/() or higher

140/90 mm Hg

Hypotension: below

90/60mm Hg

Large scale blood loss: () shock

Hypovolemic

Blood vessels inadequate fill and cont circulate blood: () shock

circulatory

Inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation: () shock

cardiogenic

Overwhelming bacterial blood infection: () shock

Septic

Sever allergic reaction: () shock

anaphylactic

() pressure: pushing force by Aterial Bp () pressure: pulling force determined by albumin

Hydrostatic Osmotic