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Important practice > reproductive > Flashcards

reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

() (inflammation of testis) could be a risk factor

A

Orchitis

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2
Q

() is most common risk factor
-Undescended testes

A

Cryptorchidism

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3
Q

(): cutting and ligating ductus deferens
Nearly 100% effective form of birth control

A

Vasectomy

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4
Q

() glands
On posterior bladder surface
Contains () muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous () fluid
(), citric acid, prostaglandins
Comprises ()% volume of semen

A

Seminal
smooth
seminal
Fructose
60

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5
Q

(/) hyperplasia
Benign growth of prostate constricts urethra making urination difficult leading to incomplete emptying

A

Benign prostatic

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6
Q

() cancer
Third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in U.S.

A

Prostate

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7
Q

Male copulatory organ:
consists of:
Root and shaft that ends in (/)
() (foreskin): loose skin covering glans
(): surgical removal of foreskin
60% of males in U.S. circumcised, but only 15% in other parts of world
Studies show 60% reduction in HIV risk and reduced risk for other reproductive infections

A

Penis
glans penis
Prepuce
Circumcision

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8
Q

The Male ()

Diamond-shaped region between pubic (), (), and () tuberosities
Suspends scrotum
Contains root of penis and anus

A

Perineum
symphysis,coccyx
ischia

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9
Q

Latent () period – time during which man is unable to achieve another orgasm

A

Refactory

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10
Q

Erectile ()
Parasympathetic nerves of penis release too little NO leading to inability to attain erection

A

dysfunction

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11
Q

()
Process of forming male gametes (sperm cells)
Occurs in () tubules
Begins at puberty, around () years of age

A

Spermatogenesis
seminiferous
14

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12
Q

Major regions of sperm:

Head: genetic region
() and helmet-like acrosome containing() enzymes that enable sperm topenetrate egg

Midpiece: metabolic region
() that produce ATP to move tail

Tail: locomotor region
Flagellum

A

Nucleus
Acrosome
hydrolytic
Mitochondria

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13
Q

() affects roughly 1 in 7 couples in America
Often caused by problems with sperm() or ()

A

Infertility
quality
quantity

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14
Q

sex drive () in males

A

libido

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15
Q

(/)disease (PID)
Spread of infection from reproductive tract to () cavity
May cause scar tissue and lead to ()
Due to inflammation of fallopian tubes (())
Usually due to Chlamydia or Gonorrhea inf
inflammation of fallopian tubes (())

A

Pelvic inflammatory
peritoneal
infertility
Salpingitis

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16
Q

inflammation of fallopian tubes (())

A

Salpingitis

17
Q

() cancer affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half
-Most common between ages 30 and 50
-Risks: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies
-(): three-dose vaccine; protects against HPV
-Recommended for 11- and 12-year-old girls

()) (Pap) smear for detection
Recommended every 3 years for ages 21–30
Every 5 years for ages 30–65, but include HPV testing
Discontinue at 65, after hysterectomy, or with sexual inactivity

A

Cervical
Gardasil
Papanicolaou

18
Q

The Vagina & external genitalia:
Thin-walled tube 3–4 inches in length
Functions as () canal, passageway for () flow, and organ of copulation

()
Mons (): fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia (): hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia (): skin folds lying within labia majora
Hairless; non-keratinized (mucus membrane)

A

birth,menstrual
Vulva
pubis
majora
minora

19
Q

() glands:
Present in male & female, only functional in females
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes
Lobes contain ()
Lobules contain () that produce milk

A

Mammary
Lobules
alveoli

20
Q

Milk pathway:
Alveoli → () ducts → () sinuses → nipple

A

lactiferous 2
glandular

21
Q

(): production of female gametes
Begins in fetal period
() (diploid stem cells) becomes→
Primary () undergo meiosis I & become→
Secondary () undergo meiosis II→
()

() follicles: single layer of cellssurrounding primary oocyte
() follicles: multiple layers of cellssurrounding primary oocyte

A

Oogenesis
Oogonia
oocytes
oocytes
Ova
Primary
Secondary

22
Q

Follicles have two fates:
(): () (programmed cell death) of oocyte and surrounding cells
99.9% of all follicles are never recruited

(): Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
Caused by high hormonal levels, especially ()
One from this group is “selected” each month to become dominant follicle

A

Atresia
apoptosis
Ovulation
FSH

23
Q

Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:
Number of functional gametes differ
Oogenesis produces one viable () ovum withtwo-three haploid () bodies
() produces four viable sperm

Occurrence during lifetime:
() begins in fetal life, ends in menopause
() begins in puberty to old age

Error rates differ
() has an error rate of 3–4%
() has an error rate of 20%

A

haploid
polar
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis

24
Q

Ovarian cycle: occurs ~ every 28 days
Two consecutive phases, with () occurring midcycle between phases
() phase: period of follicle growth
Days1–14
(): ovum released from follicle
Day 14- () surge
() phase: follicle becomes corpus luteum
Days14–28
Only 10–15% women have regular 28-day cycle
Follicular phase varies, but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
Reveal Answe

A

ovulation
Follicular
Ovulation,LH
Luteal

25
Q

()
Ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary () into peritoneal cavity
(): twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women

1–2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
Identical twins result from fertilization of one oocyte, then separation of daughter cells

A

Ovulation
oocyte
Mittelschmerz

26
Q

Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle:
(/)
Secretes () and some ()

-No Pregnancy
Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus ()
() or () phase: last 2–3 days of luteal phase, when endometrium begins to erode
Progesterone decreases, blood vessels to endometrium vasoconstrict, restricting blood flow

Pregnancy
Corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until () takes over, at about 3months

A

Corpus luteum
progesterone
estrogen
albicans
Luteolytic,ischemic
placenta

27
Q

Uterine (menstrual) cycle:
Series of changes in () that occur in response to fluctuating hormone levels

Three phases:
Days (/) () phase
Endometrium sheds; hormones low

Days (/):() (preovulatory) phase
Endometrium regrows (thickens); hormones rise
Cervical mucus thins
Days (/):() (postovulatory) phase
Endometrium continues to thicken anticipating pregnancy

A

endometrium
1–5, Menstrual
6–14, Proliferative
15–28
Secretory

28
Q

Extremely strenuous physical activity can delay menarche in girls and disrupt normal menstrual cycle in adult women
Can cause (), cessation of menstruation
Female athletes have little body fat

A

amenorrhea

29
Q

():
Promote () and follicle growth in ovary
-Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract
-Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
-Helps with () uptake (bone density)
-Induce secondary sex characteristics
-Growth of breasts
-Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
-Widening of pelvis

A

Estrogens
oogenesis
Calcium

30
Q

() and Fetal Events
Determination of genetic sex
Of () chromosomes in fertilized egg, two are sex chromosomes (other 44 are {})
-() chromosome (large)
-() chromosome (quite small)

Females are (): each ovum always has an X chromosome
Females can only give an X chromosome

Males are (): so ~50% of sperm contain X chromosome, and ~50% contain Y chromosome
() determine sex of child

A

Embryological
46
autosomes
X
Y
XX
XY
Males

31
Q

() abnormal distribution
of () to ()

*() Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
* Chromosomes do not split properly in
anaphase of meiosis

A

Nondisjunction
chromosomes
gametes
Down
zygote
three

32
Q

() REPLACEMENT THERAPY
*(/) preparations have been given
to menopausal women for years
* Women’s Health Initiative research reported
Increased risk of heart disease (51%), invasive breast cancer
(24%), and stroke (31%), and dementia risk doubled

Smallest doses for shortest time are allowable to reduce
symptoms if no history of breast cancer and no presence of mutated () gen
A

Estrogen-progesterone
BRCA
ESTROGEN

33
Q

*Menses has ceased for an entire year
*Declining () levels cause:
* Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
* Irritability and depression in some
* Hot flashes as skin blood vessels undergo intense
vasodilation
* Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss

*Men do not experience menopause
* Sperm production into their 80s
* Testosterone can decrease after 40-5

A

menopause
estrogen

Important practice (10 decks)

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