reproductive Flashcards
() (inflammation of testis) could be a risk factor
Orchitis
() is most common risk factor
-Undescended testes
Cryptorchidism
(): cutting and ligating ductus deferens
Nearly 100% effective form of birth control
Vasectomy
() glands
On posterior bladder surface
Contains () muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous () fluid
(), citric acid, prostaglandins
Comprises ()% volume of semen
Seminal
smooth
seminal
Fructose
60
(/) hyperplasia
Benign growth of prostate constricts urethra making urination difficult leading to incomplete emptying
Benign prostatic
() cancer
Third most common cause of cancer death in males that affects 1 in 6 men in U.S.
Prostate
Male copulatory organ:
consists of:
Root and shaft that ends in (/)
() (foreskin): loose skin covering glans
(): surgical removal of foreskin
60% of males in U.S. circumcised, but only 15% in other parts of world
Studies show 60% reduction in HIV risk and reduced risk for other reproductive infections
Penis
glans penis
Prepuce
Circumcision
The Male ()
Diamond-shaped region between pubic (), (), and () tuberosities
Suspends scrotum
Contains root of penis and anus
Perineum
symphysis,coccyx
ischia
Latent () period – time during which man is unable to achieve another orgasm
Refactory
Erectile ()
Parasympathetic nerves of penis release too little NO leading to inability to attain erection
dysfunction
()
Process of forming male gametes (sperm cells)
Occurs in () tubules
Begins at puberty, around () years of age
Spermatogenesis
seminiferous
14
Major regions of sperm:
Head: genetic region
() and helmet-like acrosome containing() enzymes that enable sperm topenetrate egg
Midpiece: metabolic region
() that produce ATP to move tail
Tail: locomotor region
Flagellum
Nucleus
Acrosome
hydrolytic
Mitochondria
() affects roughly 1 in 7 couples in America
Often caused by problems with sperm() or ()
Infertility
quality
quantity
sex drive () in males
libido
(/)disease (PID)
Spread of infection from reproductive tract to () cavity
May cause scar tissue and lead to ()
Due to inflammation of fallopian tubes (())
Usually due to Chlamydia or Gonorrhea inf
inflammation of fallopian tubes (())
Pelvic inflammatory
peritoneal
infertility
Salpingitis
inflammation of fallopian tubes (())
Salpingitis
() cancer affects 450,000 women worldwide each year, killing half
-Most common between ages 30 and 50
-Risks: frequent cervical inflammation; STIs, including HPV; or multiple pregnancies
-(): three-dose vaccine; protects against HPV
-Recommended for 11- and 12-year-old girls
()) (Pap) smear for detection
Recommended every 3 years for ages 21–30
Every 5 years for ages 30–65, but include HPV testing
Discontinue at 65, after hysterectomy, or with sexual inactivity
Cervical
Gardasil
Papanicolaou
The Vagina & external genitalia:
Thin-walled tube 3–4 inches in length
Functions as () canal, passageway for () flow, and organ of copulation
()
Mons (): fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia (): hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia (): skin folds lying within labia majora
Hairless; non-keratinized (mucus membrane)
birth,menstrual
Vulva
pubis
majora
minora
() glands:
Present in male & female, only functional in females
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes
Lobes contain ()
Lobules contain () that produce milk
Mammary
Lobules
alveoli
Milk pathway:
Alveoli → () ducts → () sinuses → nipple
lactiferous 2
glandular
(): production of female gametes
Begins in fetal period
() (diploid stem cells) becomes→
Primary () undergo meiosis I & become→
Secondary () undergo meiosis II→
()
() follicles: single layer of cellssurrounding primary oocyte
() follicles: multiple layers of cellssurrounding primary oocyte
Oogenesis
Oogonia
oocytes
oocytes
Ova
Primary
Secondary
Follicles have two fates:
(): () (programmed cell death) of oocyte and surrounding cells
99.9% of all follicles are never recruited
(): Each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
Caused by high hormonal levels, especially ()
One from this group is “selected” each month to become dominant follicle
Atresia
apoptosis
Ovulation
FSH
Oogenesis vs Spermatogenesis:
Number of functional gametes differ
Oogenesis produces one viable () ovum withtwo-three haploid () bodies
() produces four viable sperm
Occurrence during lifetime:
() begins in fetal life, ends in menopause
() begins in puberty to old age
Error rates differ
() has an error rate of 3–4%
() has an error rate of 20%
haploid
polar
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Ovarian cycle: occurs ~ every 28 days
Two consecutive phases, with () occurring midcycle between phases
() phase: period of follicle growth
Days1–14
(): ovum released from follicle
Day 14- () surge
() phase: follicle becomes corpus luteum
Days14–28
Only 10–15% women have regular 28-day cycle
Follicular phase varies, but luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle
Reveal Answe
ovulation
Follicular
Ovulation,LH
Luteal
