Cardiac Output

Question 1

(/):abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions
Indicate valve Problems:
() valve: fails to close completely, allowing backflow of blood
Causes swishing sound as blood regurgitates backward from ventricle into atria

() valve: fails to open completely, restricting blood flow through valve
Causes high-pitched sound or clicking as blood is forced through narrow valve

Answer 1

Heart murmurs
Incompetent
Stenotic

Question 2

Cardiac (): amount of blood pumped out by ventricles in 1 minute
Equals heart rate (HR) times stroke volume (SV)
() volume: volume of blood pumped out by one () with each beat
-Correlates with force of contraction

Answer 2

output
Stroke
ventricle

Question 3

At rest:
CO (ml/min) = HR (() bpm) x () (()/beat)= 5.25 L/min

Answer 3

75
SV
70ml

Question 4

Factors affecting HR:
Autonomic innervation
()
() levels
Age

Answer 4

Hormones
Fitness

Question 5

Factors affecting Stroke volume:
() size
fitness levels
()
contractility
() of contraction
() (EDV)
Afterload

Stroke volume: (SV) = () -ESV

Answer 5

Heart
Gender
Duration
Preload
EDV

Question 6

() CO:
4–5 times resting CO in non-athletic people (20–() L/min)
Maximal CO may reach ()L/min in trained athletes
CO changes if either or both Stroke Volume or Heart Rate is changed

Answer 6

Maximal
25
35

Question 7

Mathematically: SV = EDV - ESV
Normal SV = () ml  50 ml = () ml/beat

Answer 7

120
70