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Important practice > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the GI system
Take in food ()
Break it down into nutrient molecules ()
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream ()
Rid body of any indigestible remains ()

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

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2
Q

Organs of the GI system fall into two groups:
1. () canal (GI tract or gut)
Organs: (), (), (), (), () intestine, () intestine, ()

  1. () digestive organs
    digestive glands: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
    (), (), () and () Glands
    * some include “teeth” and “tongue” as accessory
A

Alimentary
mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small,large,anus

Accessory
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Saliva

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3
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:
1. (): eating
2. (): movement of food through GI tract
(): major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating () of contraction and relaxation
Smooth muscle of GI tract squeezes food along like a “toothpaste tube” type of action

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Peristalsis,waves

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4
Q

Processing of food involves six essential activities:
3. (/): includes chewing (mastication), () food with saliva, churning food in stomach, and ()
(): local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices via backward/forward movements
Circular muscles used

  1. () (chemical breakdown): series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks
  2. (): passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph
  3. (): elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces
A

Mechanical breakdown
mixing
2.Segmentation
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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5
Q

(): serous membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of:
() peritoneum: membrane that touches surface of most digestive organs (faces the organ)
() peritoneum: membrane that lines body wall (faces the abdominal wall)
() cavity
Fluid-filled space between two peritoneums
Fluid lubricates mobile organs

A

Peritoneum
Visceral
Parietal
Peritoneal

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6
Q

(): double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back
Extends from body wall to digestive organs
Provides routes for blood vessels, (), and nerves
Holds organs in () and also stores fat

() (peritoneal) organs: organs that are located within the peritoneum

() organs: located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum
Includes most of pancreas, duodenum, and parts of large intestine

A

Mesentery
lymphatics
place
Intraperitoneal
Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

()
Inflammation of peritoneum
Can be caused by piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer, or ruptured appendix
Peritoneal coverings stick together, which helps localize infection
Dangerous and lethal if it becomes widespread
Treatment: debris removal and megadoses of antibiotics

A

Peritonitis

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8
Q

All digestive organs have the same four basic layers
()
()
() externa
()

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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9
Q

() Nervous System:
GI tract has its own nervous system, referred to as () nervous system
() (intestines)
Contains more () than spinal cord

A

enteric
neurons

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10
Q

(): congenital condition in which children are born with an extremely short lingual frenulum
-Often referred to as “(/)” or “(/)”
-Restricted tongue movement distorts speech and prevents proper feeding for infant
-Treatment: surgical snipping of ()

A

Ankyloglossia
tongue-tied
fused tongue
frenulum

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11
Q

Major salivary glands include:
(): anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle
Parotid () opens into oral cavity next to second upper molar
(): medial to body of mandible
Duct opens at base of lingual frenulum
(): anterior to submandibular gland under tongue
Opens via 10–12 ducts into floor of mouth

A

Parotid
duct
Submandibular
Sublingual

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12
Q

Functions of ()
() mouth
Dissolves food () for taste
() food; compacts into bolus
Begins breakdown of starch with enzyme “salivary ()”

A

saliva
Cleanses
chemicals
Moistens
amylase

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13
Q

() – dry mouth, uncomfortable condition caused by too little saliva being made
-Normal salivary gland function is vital for oral health
Lack of moisture may lead to difficulty with () and swallowing, as well as oral infections (), () sores)

Known causes:
Many common Medications
(/)
HIV/AIDS & associated treatments
()’s syndrome (autoimmune disease affecting moisture-producing glands throughout body)
Chemotherapy

A

Xerostomia
chewing
ulcers
canker
Diabetes mellitus
Sjögren

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14
Q

()
Plaque calcifies to form () (tartar)
-Tartar disrupts seal between gingivae and teeth
-Bacteria infect gums
Infection is reversible if calculus removed

A

Gingivitis
calculus

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15
Q

() (periodontal disease)
Neglected gingivitis can escalate to disease
Can lead to () loss
Risk factors: smoking, diabetes mellitus, oral piercings

A

Periodontitis ( bone infection)
bone

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16
Q

Pharynx:
3 areas:
() – (not used in digestion)
()
()

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

“()”
-Caused by stomach acid () into esophagus
-First symptom of (/,/) (GERD)
-Can be caused by excess food/drink, extreme (), (), alcohol, coffee, etc…

Also can be caused by (/) structural abnormality where part of stomach protrudes above diaphragm
Can lead to (), esophageal ulcers, or even esophageal cancer

A

Heartburn
regurgitating
gastroesophageal reflux disease
obesity
pregnancy
hiatal hernia
esophagitis

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18
Q

Swallowng:
Pharynx and esophagus are conduits to pass food from mouth to stomach

Major function of both organs is propulsion that starts with () (swallowing)
() involves coordination of 22 muscle groups and two phases:
-() phase: () contraction of tongue
-(/) phase: () phase that primarily involves vagus nerve
Controlled by swallowing center in () and lower ()

A

deglutition
Buccal,voluntary
Pharyngeal-esophageal, involuntary
medulla
pons

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19
Q

() is a temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion:
-Converts () of food to paste-like chyme
-Empty stomach has ~50 ml volume but can expand to 4 L
-When empty, stomach mucosa forms many folds of tissue called rugae

A

Stomach
bolus

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20
Q

Major regions of the stomach
() part (cardia): surrounds cardial orifice
(): dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm
(): midportion
() part: lower end that joins with () of small intestines
-Contains pyloric sphincter to control food entering sm. intestines

A

Cardial
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
duodenum

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21
Q

Types of gland cells
Glands in fundus and body produce most gastric juice

Glands include secretory cells
() cells
() cells
() cells
() cells

A

Mucous
Parietal
Chief
Enteroendocrine

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22
Q

() Cells
Produce very viscous, ()-rich mucus
Protects stomach lining from abrasion and acidic contents

A

Mucous
bicarbonate

23
Q

() cells :
() acid (HCl)
pH 1.5–3.5; denatures protein, activates pepsin, and kills many bacteria
() factor
() required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

A

Parietal
Hydrochloric
Intrinsic
Glycoprotein

24
Q

() cells:
(): inactive enzyme that is activated to pepsin by HCl
Begins Protein digestion
()
Digests ~15% of lipids

A

Chief
Pepsinogen
Lipases

25
Q

() cells:
Secrete chemical messengers
(): promotes peristalsis, segmentation, & inflammation
(): promotes GI motility and acid release
(): regulates acid secretion
(): reduces secretions & motility

A

Enteroendocrine
Serotonin
Gastrin
Histamine
Somatostatin

26
Q

()
Inflammation caused by anything that breaches stomach’s mucosal barrier

A

Gastritis

27
Q

()/gastric ulcers
Can cause erosions in stomach wall
If erosions perforate wall, can lead to () and hemorrhage

Most ulcers caused by bacterum (/)(H. Pylori)
Can also be caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ()

A

Peptic
peritonitis
Helicobacter pylori
aspirin

28
Q

Mechanism of HCl Formation:
(/)reaction produces H+ & HCO3-
-Parietal cells pump the H+ into stomach lumen
-Via () Pump (H+/K+ ATPase)

() is pumped into blood via Cl-/HCO3- antiporter
Cl- is pumped via antiporter into stomach lumen
Cl− can now join with H+, forming HCl

A

Carbonic Anhydrase
Proton
HCO3-

29
Q

(): digestive function is production of bile
(): fat emulsifier (allows fat to be more easily digested)

(): chief function is storage/concentration of bile

(): supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

A

Liver
Bile
Gallbladder
Pancreas

30
Q

Pathologies of the Liver
()
Usually viral infection, drug toxicity, wild mushroom poisoning
() B and C are more worrisome

()
Progressive, chronic inflammation from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism
Liver -> fatty, fibrous -> (/)
Liver transplants successful, but livers are scarce
Liver can regenerate to its full size in 6–12 months after 80% removal

A

Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
portal hypertension

31
Q

(): caused by too much () or too few bile ()
-Can obstruct flow of bile from gallbladder
-Painful when gallbladder contracts against sharp crystals
-Obstructive (): blockage can cause bile salts and pigments to build up in blood, resulting in jaundiced (yellow) skin
() can also be caused by liver failure
Gallstone treatment: crystal-dissolving drugs, ultrasound vibrations (lithotripsy), or surgery (cholecystectomy)

A

Gallstones
cholesterol
salts
jaundice

32
Q

Composition of pancreatic ()
1200–1500 ml/day is produced containing:
Watery, () solution (pH 8) containing sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach
Digestive enzymes
() (for proteins)
() (for carbohydrates)
() (for lipids)
() (for nucleic acids)

A

juice
alkaline
Proteases
Amylase
Lipases
Nucleases

33
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice
Proteases are secreted in an () form; they are activated after they reach duodenum
(): converts trypsinogen to ()
Once trypsin is activated, it can then activate:
More trypsinogen
-() to active ()
-() to active ()

A

inactive
Enteropeptidase
trypsin
Procarboxypeptidase,carboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen,chymotrypsin

34
Q

() of bile and pancreatic secretions
Bile and pancreatic juice secretions are both stimulated by neural and hormonal controls
Hormonal controls include:
() (CCK)
()

A

Regulation
Cholecystokinin
Secretin

35
Q

Small intestine is the major organ of () and ()
-15-20 ft long from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve, point at which it joins large intestine
-Small diameter of 1.0–1.6 inches
-Subdivisions
() (~10.0 in. long)
() (~8 ft. long)
() (~12 ft)

A

digestion
absorption
Duodenun
Jejunum
Ileum

36
Q

Modifications of small intestine for ()
-Small intestine’s length and other structural modifications provide () surface area for nutrient absorption
-Surface area is increased 600 to ~200 m2 (size of a tennis court)
-Modifications include:
(/)
()
()

A

absorption
huge
Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

37
Q

Large intestine has three unique features not seen elsewhere:
(/): bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
(): pocketlike sacs
(/): fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

A

Teniae coli
Haustra
Epiploic appendages

38
Q

Subdivisons:
(): first part of large intestine
(): masses of lymphoid tissue
Part of MALT of immune system
Bacterial storehouse capable of recolonizing gut when necessary

A

Cecum
Appendix

39
Q

Subdivisons:
():
() colon: travels up right side of abdominal cavity to level of right kidney
Ends in right-angle turn called right colic (hepatic) flexure

() colon: travels across abdominal cavity
Ends in another right-angle turn, left colic (splenic) flexure

() colon: travels down left side of abdominal cavity

() colon: S-shaped portion that travels through pelvis

(): stop feces from being passed with gas

A

Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum

40
Q

Subdivisons:
(/): last segment of large intestine that opens to exterior at ()
Has two sphincters
() anal sphincter: smooth muscle
()
() anal sphincter: skeletal muscle
()

A

Anal canal
anus
Internal,Involuntary
External,Voluntary

41
Q

(): acute inflammation of appendix
Most common in adolescence
-() drainage can be impaired, leading to ischemia and () (tissue death)
-Ruptured appendix can cause ()
-Symptoms: pain in umbilical region, moving to lower right abdominal quadrant
Loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting are also seen
-Treatment: surgical removal (appendectomy)

A

Appendicitis
Venous
necrosis
peritonitis

42
Q

Keeping () bacteria in check
-Beneficial bacteria outnumber and suppress pathogenic bacteria & other organisms
-Such as (/) and (/)
-Immune system destroys any bacteria that try to breach mucosal barrier

A

pathogenic
Candida albicans
Clostridium difficile

43
Q

(/) diarrhea: accounts for 14,000 deaths per year

A

Antibiotic-associated

44
Q

() difficile, an anaerobic bacterium that many carry in intestine, is most common cause

When other bacteria are wiped out by antibiotics, C. difficile can flourish and cause () colitis (inflammation of colon)
May lead to bowel perforation and sepsis

A

Clostridium
pseudomembranous

45
Q

Motility of the large intestine
() contractions: most contractions of colon, where haustra sequentially contract in response to distension

() reflex: initiated by presence of food in stomach
Results in () movements: slow, powerful peristaltic waves that are activated three to four times per day

Descending colon and () colon act as storage reservoir

A

Haustral
Gastrocolic
mass
sigmoid

46
Q

(IBS)
Functional GI disorder – affects the normal function of the bowels
Recurring abdominal pain, stool changes, bloating, flatulence, nausea, depression
Stress is a common precipitating factor
Stress management is important in treatment

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

47
Q

(), watery stools, results when large intestine does not have sufficient time to absorb remaining water
Causes include irritation of colon by bacteria
Prolonged diarrhea may result in dehydration and () imbalance (acidosis and loss of potassium)

A

Diarrhea
electrolyte

48
Q

() can occur when food remains in colon for extended periods of time and too much water is absorbed
Stool becomes hard and difficult to pass
May result from insufficient fiber or fluid in the diet, improper bowel habits, lack of exercise, or laxative abuse

A

Constipation

49
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates:
Only () can be absorbed
Mouth: Starch/glycogen → ()/disaccharides
-() amylase
Duodenum: Starch/glycogen → oligosaccharides/disaccharides
-() amylase

Brush Border (() & ())
() → monosaccharides
(), (), () (Disaccharidases)
Results in glucose, fructose, & ()

A

monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
Salivary
Pancreatic
Jejunum,Ileum
Disaccharides
Lactase
Maltase
Sucrase
galactose

50
Q

Clinical: People with (/) have deficient amounts of lactase and cannot consume lactose

Any () eaten remains undigested and creates an () gradient in intestine that prevents water from being absorbed, resulting in diarrhea

A

lactose intolerance
lactose
osmotic

51
Q

Digestion of Proteins:
Source of protein is not only dietary, but also includes digestive enzymes and proteins from breakdown of () cells

Proteins are broken into:
Large ()
Small () and small peptides
Finally into amino acid ()

Digestion begins in stomach when pepsinogen is converted to () at pH 1.5–2.5
Becomes inactive in high pH of ()

A

mucosal
polypeptides
monomers
pepsin
duodenum

52
Q

Steps of protein digestion in intestine
() and () (pancreas)
-Cleave protein into smaller peptides

() (pancreas)
Removes one amino acid at a time from end of peptide

Brush border enzymes (), (), and () break oligopeptides and dipeptides into amino acids

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidases
carboxypeptidases
dipeptidases

53
Q

Digestion of lipids:
Steps in lipid digestion in intestine
(): triglycerides and their breakdown products are insoluble in water
-Need pre-treatment with bile salts that break large fat globules into smaller ones

(): pancreatic lipases break down fat into () plus two free () acids

A

Emulsification
Digestion
monoglyceride
fatty

54
Q

() can be caused by anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice
-Damaged () mucosa (e.g., from bacterial infection or some antibiotics)

()-sensitive enteropathy (() disease): common malabsorption disease
I-mmune reaction to gluten
-Gluten causes immune cell damage to intestinal () and brush border
-Treatment: eliminate gluten from diet

A

Malabsorption
intestinal
Gluten
celiac
villi

Important practice (10 decks)

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