Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 > UrinarySystem > Flashcards

UrinarySystem Flashcards

1
Q

URINARY SYSTEM

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SUPRARENAL GLANDS

A

AKA Adrenal glands, part of the endocrine system

  • Located superior and medial of each kidney

Divided into two=

Cortex - secretes cortical hormones

Medulla- secretes epinephrine ( adrenaline)

Commonly images with a CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

KIDNEYS

A

Bean shaped structures that produce urine =

  • Located in the retro peritoneum
  • Extends from T2 - L3
  • Right slightly lower than the left

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HILUM

A

Concave medial border of the kidney

  • Site of transmission of nerves, vessels and ureters
  • Expands into the kidney to form the renal sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RENAL SINUS

A

A central fat filled cavity that surrounds the renal pelvis and vessels

Has two portions

  • Renal cortex - outer portion
  • Renal medulla- inner-portion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NEPRON

A

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CALYXES

A

Cup shaped stems at the sides of the renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION UPJ

A

Where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

URETERS

A

Tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder by was of slow rhythmic peristalsis

  • 25-30 cm long
  • Enther the bladder at the level of the ischia spine
  • UVJ is the entry point of each ureter into the urinary bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

URINARY BLADDER

A

Musculomembranous sac that serves as a temporary reservoir for urine

  • In males =
  • It is directly anterior to the rectum with the neck on the prostate

In females

  • Anterior to the vaginal canal with neck on the pelvic diaphragm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TRIGONE

A

Triangular muscle on the posterior wall where openings of the ureters and urethra join the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

URETHRA

A

Muscular tube with a sphincter type of muscle at the neck of the bladder that transports urine from the bladder to the exterior

  • Originates at the internal urethral orifice in the urinary bladder and extends about 3,6 cm in the female and 17,8 cm in males

Male urethra is divided into three=

  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membranous urethra
  • Spongy urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PROSTATE

A

A small glandular body in the male reproductive system that surrounds that surrounds the male urethra

  • Located posterior to the inferior Pubic symphysis
  • Has two portions- Base and Apex
  • it’s about 3,8 x 1,9 cm at its base and approximately 2;5 cm long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

AP KUB PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine with legs flexed ( Places kidneys closer to the IR ) NB
  • CR perpendicular to the iliac crest
  • Exposure at the end of exhalation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AP KUB PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Out line of kidneys
  • Lower border of Kidneys
  • Psoas muscles
  • Include from top of kidneys to symph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AP PROJECTION BLADDER SHOT

A
  • Patient supine with legs extended

- CR 15-20 deg caudad just below the ASIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AP PROJECTION BLADDER SHOT

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A

Symphysis pubis off the bladder and the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

VCU

A

Functional test of the urinary bladder and urethra.

Indications=

  • Tumours , abscess, diverticulum, dilations and strictures
  • UTI in children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

VCU AP OR AP AXIAL PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine , legs extended
  • 5-15 deg Caudad to free the bladder neck off the the symphysis pubis
  • CR superior bored of symph
    • if reflux is present centre higher at the iliac crest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

VCU AP OR AP AXIAL PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Bladder and urethra
  • Distal ureters if reflux is spotted
  • Best-image for female patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AP OBLIUE PROJECTION RPO

A
  • Patient supine, legs extended
  • patient turns 30-40 deg RPO
  • CR superior border of the symphysis pubis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

AP OBLIUE PROJECTION RPO

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Bladder neck and entire urethra as free of boney superimposition
  • Best for male urethra
  • Distal ureters visualised if reflux is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

LATERAL POSITION VCU

A
  • Patient in right or left lateral
  • Cr 5 cm above the symphysis border in the MCP
  • If reflux is present Centre at the iliac crest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

LATERAL POSITION VCU

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Anterior and posterior bladder walls

- If reflux is visualised, the distal ureters are also visualised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

RETROGRADE UROGRAPHY

A

Non functional examination of the urinary system during which contrast medium is introduced directly into the pelvicalyceal system via catheterisation by a urologist during a minor surgical procedure

Indication=

  • patients with renal insufficiency or allergic to iodine contrast
  • contra indicated to patients with UTI
26
Q

RETROGRADE UROGRAPHY

IMAGING

A
  • CR perpendicular to L3
  • scout image demonstrates the ureteral catheters in position

-

27
Q

RETROGRADE CYSTOGRAPHY

A

Non functional test of the urinary bladder following installation of a water soluble iodinated contrast medium

Indications=

Vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent UTI or fistulas, neurogenic bladder, bladder trauma, ureteral stricture, posterior urethral valves

Contraindications=

  • Related to catheterisation of the urethra
28
Q

MALROTATION

A

When kidney one or both fail to rotate towards mid sagittal plane as they ascent towards the upper abdomen

  • abnormal appearance if the renal pelvis and calyces is seen
  • kidney functions normally
  • Anomally demonstrated with CT and US
29
Q

ECTOPIC KIDNEY

A

Abnormal placement of the kidney

Intra thoracic =

  • Kidney fails to ascent into the upper abdomen resting in the pelvis

Intrathoracic Kidney=

  • Kidney ascents high into the upper abdomen

US and CT can demonstrate the anomaly

30
Q

HORSESHOE KIDNEY

A

Fusion of the kidneys with each other

  • Most common fusion anomaly
  • Band of fused tissue is called the isthmus
  • Kidneys appear lower in the abdomen

Can be demonstrated with US and CT

31
Q

DUPLICATION

A

Duplication of renal pelvis and or ureter

  • This anomaly may also refer to a kidney that has a bifid renal pelvis with two ureters that join together having one ureterovesical orifice
32
Q

URETEROCELE

A

A cyclic dilation of the distal ureter at the ureterovesical orifice

  • Prolapsed ureter May cause obstruction to urine flow and or vesicoureteral reflux
  • Children are often associated

Clinical signs

  • Flank pain
  • Hematuria
  • Dysuria
  • Incontinence
  • Frequent UTI

Imaging =

  • IVP
  • VCU
  • US
  • CT
33
Q

URETEROCELE

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • If filled with iodinated contrast media the prolapsed ureter will appear as an oval structure surrounded by a radiolucent ring outlining the wall of the uretercele, cobra head sign
  • When not filled the uretocele will appear as a filling defect in the urinary bladder
  • If the ureterocele causes obstruction to urine, hydronephrosis May be present
34
Q

POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES

A

A thin membrane in the urethra obstructing the flow of urine from the urinary bladder

  • Found in male patients
  • Causes bilateral hydronephrosis

Clinical signs =

  • Enlarged bladder, May be palpable
  • Dysuria
  • UTI
  • Poor urine stream

Imaging

  • VCU
35
Q

POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

VCU

  • Tapered appearance of the urethra at the level of the PUV
  • Proximal dilation of the urethra above the PUV
  • Enlarged bladder
  • Vesicoureteral reflux
36
Q

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

A

Numerous fluid filled cysts develop on the kidneys

  • Genetic disorder
  • Kidneys enlarge
  • Cysts will replace the normal kidney tissue

Clinical signs=

  • Hematuria
  • Polyuria
  • Flank pain
  • Recurrent kidney infection

Imaging =

  • CT
  • IVP
37
Q

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A
  • Enlarged kidney

- Multiple radiolucent cysts

38
Q

PYELONEPHRITIS

A

Kidney infection commonly caused by bacteria that has travelled from the bladder to the kidney

  • May also be due to enlarged prostate, urinary catheterisation and kidney stones which reduce the flow of urine

Clinical signs=

  • Fever and chills
  • Back and flankpain
  • Urgent, frequent urination
  • Dysuria
  • Hematuria

Imaging=

  • CT
  • IVU
  • Usually diagnosed with urinalysis
39
Q

PYELONEPHRITIS

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A
  • IVP is typically normal

- INTHE chronic condition the calyces may have a clubbing appearance

40
Q

CYSTITIS

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder ( UTI)

  • More common in females due to short urethra
  • Commonly caused by bacteria spreading from fecal material ( E. coli bacteria) and urinary catheterisation
  • Any interference with bladder emptying can predispose the bladder to infection
  • Cystitis is the most common hospital infection

Clinical signs =

  • Polyuria
  • Dysuria, burning sensation
  • Pyuria
  • Hematuria
  • Low back pain

Imaging =

  • IVU
  • Voiding CYSTOGRAPHY
41
Q

CYSTITIS

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A
  • Usually normal appearance

- Chronic cystitis May cause changes in bladder wall decreasing the bladder size

42
Q

UROLITHIASIS/ URINARY CALCULI

A

AKA kidney stones, caused by excessive excretion of calcium in the urine

  • Urinary stasis and infection may also enhance stone formation
  • Symptoms May show when an obstruction occurs
  • 3mm or less stones will pass in the urine without symptoms

Clinical signs =

  • Flank pain radiating down groin
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Dysuria,pain while urinating
  • Oliguria, reduced volume of urine

Imaging =

  • KUB
  • Unenhanced CT abdomen

-

43
Q

UROLITHIASIS/ URINARY CALCULI

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

CT

  • A calcified density will be demonstrated in the kidney, ureter or bladder
  • Hydronephrosis or hydroureter if present

KUB

  • 80% of symptomatic renal stones contain enough calcium to be radiopaque and detectable on plain abdominal images
44
Q

STAGHORN CALCULUS

A

Upper urinary tract stones that involve the renal pelvis and extend into at least 2 calyces

  • Most are composed of struvite
  • Caused by recurrent UTI
  • Stones fill the renal pelvis and block the flow of urine from the kidney
  • Must-be treated or could destroy the kidney
  • Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy- treatment option
45
Q

HYDRONEPHROSIS

A

Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces

Occurs with a renal condition , not a disease it’s self

  • Unilateral: caused by obstruction superior to the bladder ,
    Eg, kidney stones, ureteropelvic stricture, ureterovesical reflux
  • Bilateral: caused by obstruction inferior the bladder
    Eg, bladder tumours neurogenic bladder, prostatic hypertrophy, posterior urerthral valve

Clinical signs

  • Flank pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • UTI, fever , Dysuria
  • Increased frequency of urination

Imaging

  • IVU
  • CT
46
Q

HYDRONEPHROSIS

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • Dilated pelvicalyceal system
  • Clubbing of calyces
  • Delayed drainage of collecting system

CT

  • Hypodense dilation of the pelvicalyceal system
47
Q

VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

A

Abnormal flow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters

  • Diagnosed in children
  • Caused by abnormal ureter entering the bladder, UTI, cystitis, urinary tract obstruction, ureteroceles, duplicated ureters
  • If left untreated May cause pyelonephritis and kidney failure

Clinical signs =

  • Presence of infection , most common
  • Bedwetting
  • High blood pressure
  • Proteinuria

Imaging =

  • Ultrasound
  • Voiding Cystogram
48
Q

VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

Voiding Cystogram

  • Costrast reflux into ureter and kidneys
  • Possible hydronephrosis and hydroureter depending on severity
  • Post mic pic NB
  • Typically upon voiding reflux of urine from bladder to ureter is more pronounced
49
Q

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

A

Loss of kidney function with nitrogenous waste products such as BUN, creatinine build up in the blood

  • Caused by prerenal, renal or post renal condition
  • Pre renal- Decreased blood supply to the kidneys, or damage to the kidneys
  • Post renal- due to obstruction of urinary outflow from bladder or ureters

Urine out put drops lower than 400ml in 24 hr period

Clinical signs =

  • Swelling
  • Oliguria or anuria
  • Hyperkalemia, inability to remove potassium causing arrhythmia,s
  • Anemia, decrease production of erythropoietin reducing red blood cell count

Imaging

  • US
  • IVU
50
Q

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • Prolonged Nephrogram with little or no calyceal filling
51
Q

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

A
  • Nephrons are replaced with scar tissue
  • A common cause is uncontrolled Diabetes
  • Other causes are uncontrolled or poorly managed hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, urinary obstructions, poly cystic kidney disease

Clinical signs

  • Fatigue
  • Oliguria
  • Congestive heart failure due to increase blood volume
  • Hypertension

Imaging

  • KUB
  • Ultrasound
52
Q

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

Demonstrates any renal calculus

53
Q

RENAL HYPERTENSION

A

High blood pressure caused by renal artery stenosis

  • Rennin is released by kidney to raise blood pressure
  • Renin secretion causes the angiotensin conversation that causes aldosterone release, from he adrenal cortex to retain water. How ever the patient does not have low blood pressure
  • Common treatment is angioplasty and stenting of the renal arteries

Clinical signs

  • High blood pressure that responds poorly to medication

Imaging

  • CTA
  • Angiography
  • MRI
54
Q

RENAL HYPERTENSION

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

CTA

  • Demonstration of a stenoses artery

Angiography

  • Identify the stenosis, severity and provide treatment
55
Q

NEPHROBLASTOMA ( Wilms Tumor )

A
  • Most Common abdominal pediatric Tumor
  • Average age 3 and 4 years old
  • Unilateral or bilateral involvement
  • Highly malignant, large palpable mass

Clinical signs

  • Abdo palpable mass
  • Hematuria
  • Fever
  • High blood pressure
  • Reduced appetite/ weight loss

Imaging

  • IVU
  • Abdo CT
  • US
56
Q

NEPHROBLASTOMA ( Wilms Tumor )

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • Intrarenal mass- displaced pelvic Alyce all system
  • Often associated with hydro nephrosis
  • Extrarenal mass- displaces the kidney inferior and lateral

CT

  • Invasion of IVC
  • Mass of mixed densities
  • Tumour will enhance when contrast is administered
  • Demonstrates the exact location of mass
  • Involvement of other organs or structures
57
Q

HYPERNEPHROMA. ( Renal Cell Carcinoma )

A
  • Most common renal neoplasm
  • Patients over 40
  • Developes in lining of renal tubules of one or both kidneys

Clinical signs

  • Flank pain
  • Painless Hematuria
  • Palpable abdominal mass

Imaging

  • IVU
  • Abdo CT
58
Q

HYPERNEPHROMA. ( Renal Cell Carcinoma )

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • Kidney enlargement
  • Distortion of calyces and renal pelvis
  • Large tumour May cause obstruction of drainage system resulting in dilation of calyces and renal pelvis

CT

  • Demonstrates the exact location of the mass
  • Round appearance, solid lesion
  • Demonstrates any invasion of renal veins or IVC
  • Will enhance after contrast media administration
59
Q

BLADDER CARCINOMA

A
  • Originates in the bladder epithelium called urothelial carcinoma
  • Mostly males over 50
  • Chemical exposure including cigarette increases the risk of developing bladder cancer

Clinical signs

  • Classic Painless gross Hematuria

Imaging

  • IVU
  • CT
60
Q

BLADDER CARCINOMA

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

A

IVU

  • Irregular filling defects after contrast media administration

-

CT

  • Mass projecting into bladder lumen, thickening of bladder wall
61
Q

SIMPLE RENAL CYSTS

A
  • Benign lesion of the renal cortex
  • Fluid filled
  • Single or multiple sites in one or both kidneys
  • Range in size
  • Predominately seen patients over 50

Clinical signs

  • Asymptomatic

Imaging

  • CT
  • US
62
Q

SIMPLE RENAL CYSTS

RADIOGRAPHIC appearance

A

CT

  • Round smooth borders, no irregularities in the lining of the cyst wall
  • Homogenous attenuation

Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions