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Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 > Module 4 Abdomen > Flashcards

Module 4 Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

RUQ ORGANS

A 
Liver ( right lobe)
Gallbladder
Pylorus ( of stomach)
Duodenum ( part1 through 3)
Pancreas ( head)
Right kidney and suprarenal gland
Colon ( distal ascending colon, hepatic flexure and right half of transverse     colon )
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2
Q

LUQ ORGANS

A 
Liver left lobe
Spleen 
Stomach
Jejunum and proximal ileum
Pancreas ( body and tail)
Left kidney and suprarenal gland
Colon ( left half of transverse colon, splenic flexure and superior part of descending colon)
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3
Q

RLQ ORGANS

A

Majority of the ileum
Caecum with vermiform appendix
Proximal ascending colon
Proximal right ureter

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4
Q

LLQ ORGANS

A

Distal descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Left ureter

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5
Q

ACUTE ABDO SERIES INDICATIONS

A
  • Perforation
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Infection
  • Abdominal mass/ calcifications
  • Visceroptosis ( prolapse or falling down of abdominal viscera, seen on
    an erect or decubitusimage )
  • Ascites
  • General survey for GI tract, liver, spleen, kidneys
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6
Q

ERECT AXR STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Air/ fluid levels if present

Visceroptosis

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7
Q

SUPINE AXR HYPERSTHENIC PATIENT

A

Two I mages done=

  • One centred at iliac crest to include symph
  • Second centred above the iliac crest to include the upper abdomen and diaphragm
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8
Q

SUPINE AXR STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Symphysis Pubis
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Kidneys
  • Air filled stomach
  • Bowel
  • Psoas muscle
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9
Q

AXR DORSAL DECUBITUS STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Diaphrams
  • Calcified aorta
  • Aneurysms
  • Air/fluid levels if present
  • Vertebral region
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10
Q

PEDIATRIC ABDOMINAL SERIES

A
  • AP SUPINE AND ERECT-ONLY
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11
Q

AXR GENERAL POSITIONING RITERIA

A
  • Abdo images are taken on expiration
  • Abdo images should include diaphragm to symphysis pubis
  • CR at the iliac crest for supine images
  • CR 5cm above the iliac crest for erect and decubitus
  • Appreciate marker placed
  • Radiopaque articles removed
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12
Q

AXR TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION

A
  • 75- 85 kVp
  • Utilise all 3 photocells or chambers
  • Use a grid
  • Decrease mAs by 30-50% or kVp by 5-8% if patient has an accumulation of air
  • Increase mAs or kVp if patient has a accumulation of fluid
  • Increase exposure for erect
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13
Q

SUPINE AXR CRITERIA

A
  • Adequate density and contrast
  • Out line of the solid Abdo organs
  • Spinous process in the mid line with pedicels equal distance to the spinous processes
  • Image include T11 to symph
  • For hypersthenic body habitus patients 2 images done
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14
Q

ERECT AXR RADIOGRAPHIC CRITERIA

A
  • Adequate density and contrast
  • All solid abdominal organs outlined
  • No rotation
  • NB- Diaphragm must be visualised
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15
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS

A

Chronic irreversible condition of the liver when liver cells die and get replaced by scar tissue,commonly caused by alcoholism, obesity, hepatitis

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16
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS

A
  • Jaundice
  • Ascites
  • Esophageal varices due to portal hypertension
  • Splenomegaly

Imaging= CT

17
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF LIVER CIRRHOSIS

A
  • Much darker than usual liver appearance
  • Dilated Portal Vein, portal hypertension
  • Decreased size of right liver lobe
  • Splenomegaly
18
Q

PRIMARY LIVER CANCER/ HEPATO CELLULAR CARCINOMA

A

Cancer of the liver which predominantly occurs in patients with previous damage to liver cells, e.g alcoholism, hepatitis, cirrhosis

19
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF HEPATO CELLULAR CARCINOMA

A
  • RUGpain
  • Weight loss
  • Haemorrhage into peritoneal cavity
  • Complications of essophageal varices

Imaging- CT

20
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF HEPATO CELLULAR CARCINOMA

A

Unenhanced CT=

  • Most are solitary mass which is hypodense or isodense
  • Mass projects beyond the normal borders of the liver

Enhanced CT=

  • Non uniform enhancement of the tumour
21
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF LIVER METASTASES

A

Clinical signs

  • Nausea, unexplained weight loss
  • Jaundice and/ Ascites

Imaging

CT

MRI

22
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF LIVER METASTASIS

A

UN enhanced CT

  • Usually numerous lesions, well marginated less dense than normal liver tissue

Enhanced CT

  • Lession have a higher density than surrounding liver tissue
23
Q

PANCREATITIS

A

Acute or chronic inflammatory condition when the pancreatic enzymes destroy their own pancreatic tissue, mainly caused by alcoholism or gallstones

24
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF PANCREATITIS

A

Clinical signs

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Pain after eating or drinking
  • Diarrhea

Imaging

  • Ultrasound
  • CT
25
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PANCREATITIS

A
  • Enlarged pancreas

- Margins of the pancreas are Indistinct

26
Q

PANCREATIC CANCER

A

Large percentage are found on the head of pancreas

27
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF PANCREATIC CANCER

A

Clinical signs

  • Loss of appetite, fatigue
    • Change in bowel habits, abdominal pain

Imaging

  • CT
  • Ultrasound
28
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PANCREATIC CANCER

A
  • Tumor, invading surrounding structures

- Ductal occlusion

29
Q

PNEUMOPERITONEUM

A

Free air in the peritoneal cavity mostly caused by a perforation of the gastrointestinal tract

30
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF PNEUMOPERITONEUM

A

Clinical signs

  • Abdominal pain and tenderness

Imaging

  • AXR abdominal series
31
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PNEUMOPERITONEUM

A

Free air under the diaphragm or adjacent to the liver

32
Q

SITUS INVERSUS

A

Organs situated on the opposite side of the body

Imaging- AXR series plus right lateral decubitus

33
Q

HEMORRHOIDS

A

Enlargement of rectal veins which maybe caused by constipation and straining during defecation

34
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS AND IMAGING OF HEMORRHOIDS

A

Clinical signs

  • Bleeding
  • Pain and itching
35
Q

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF HEORRHOIDS

A

Rectal filling defects

36
Q

CHOLELITHIASIS

A

Gallstones formed by cholesterol and mostly radiolucent.

Can be imaged by =

  • ultrasound
  • KUB x ray

ERCP

37
Q

CHOLECYSTITIS

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstone in the cystic duct.

Can be imaged with US

Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 (18 decks)

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