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Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 > Module 11 Skull > Flashcards

Module 11 Skull Flashcards

1
Q

FONTANELS

A

FONTANELS are areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull.
- Anterior Fontanel

  • Posterior Fontanel
  • Two sphenoidal fontanels
  • Two mastoid fontanels
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2
Q

ANTERIOR FONTANEL

A

Incomplete ossification in the infant located at the junction of the frontal parietal lobe.

Closes around age 2

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3
Q

POSTERIOR FONTANEL

A

Incomplete ossification in infants located at the junction of the occipital and the parietals.

Closes with in 1-3 months of birth

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4
Q

SPHENOIDAL FONTANELS

A

Two areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull located on each side of the head located at the anterior inferior angle of each parietal.

Closes 1-3 months of birth

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5
Q

MASTOID FONTANEL

A

Two incomplete ossification in the infants skull one on each side of the head located at the posterior, inferior angle of each parietal

Closes around age 2

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6
Q

aSKULL ARTICULATUONS

A

They are called sutures, these are fibrous synarthroses joints. 4 major sutures=

  • Coronal
  • Sagittal
  • Squamosal
  • Lambdoidal
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7
Q

METOPIC SUTURE

A

A persistent frontal suture that usually disappears by age 6

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8
Q

GLABELLA

A

A region on the frontal bone that is between the supercilliary arches

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9
Q

FRONTAL SINUSES

A

An area in the frontal bone that lies between the inner and outer tables of the frontal bone posterior to the supercilliary ridges

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10
Q

CAROTID CANAL

A

Passage of the internal carotid artery

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11
Q

STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

A

Passage of the facial nerve

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12
Q

MASTOID AIR CELLS

A

Air spaces in the mastoid region which are separated by a thin bony partition from the brain

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13
Q

SPHENOID BONE

A

A region in the base of the cranium which is butter-fly shaped and consists of a body, 2 lesser wings, 2 greater wings and 2 pterygoid processes

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14
Q

SELLA TURRCICA

A

Also know as the pituitary fossa which is the superior surface con cavity of the sphenoid body

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15
Q

CONCHAE

A

Scroll shaped bones in the ethmoidal bone that function in the filtration of air

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16
Q

SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINES

A

Area on the squamous part of the occipital bone for attachment of neck muscles

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17
Q

JUGULAR FORAMEN

A

Area between the occipital and the Petrous portion of the temporal bone which in the passage of the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 9-( glossopharyngeal), 10(vagus), 11(accessory )

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18
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

A

Found in the occipital bone, lateral to the foramen magnum, transmits the hypoglossal nerve

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19
Q

ACANTHION

A

The mid point of the anterior nasal spine

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20
Q

BREGMA

A

The junction of the coronal and Sagittal sutures.

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21
Q

CANTHUS

A

The angle on each side of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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22
Q

GLABELLA

A

The smooth surface on the forehead between the supracillary ridges

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23
Q

GONION

A

Where the body and the ramus of the mandible meet

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24
Q

INION

A

The external occipital protuberance, ump on the back of the head

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25
Q

MENTAL PROTUBERANCE

A

A slight ridge that ends below in a triangular prominence on the mandible ( tip of chin)

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26
Q

NASION

A

Where the nasal bones meet with the frontal bone

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27
Q

VERTEX

A

Highest point of the head

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28
Q

SKULL LATERAL POSITION

A

Patient in upright or semi prone position with side of interest on the IR

  • Head in true lateral position
  • Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP parallel to the IR
  • IOML parallel with the transverse axis of the IR
  • CR directed 5cm superior to the EAM
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29
Q

SKULL LATERAL POSITION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Superimposed halves of the cranium
  • Sella turcica, dorsum sellae, anterior and posterior chinois process
  • Superimposed mandibullar rami
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30
Q

PA axial SKULL ( Caldwell Method)

A
  • Patient prone or standing
  • Patient rest nose and forehead on the Bucky
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to IR
  • CR 15deg caudad to the nasion
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31
Q

PA axial SKULL ( Caldwell Method) STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Petrous ridgesprojectedi to the lower 1/3 of the orbits
  • Frontal bone and frontal sinuses
  • Crista galli, anterior ethmoidal sinuses
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32
Q

AP AXIAL ( Towns Method)

A
  • Patient supine or erect
  • Patient places the back of head on the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR 30 deg caudad exiting the foramen magnum
  • or CR 37deg caudad if IOML is perpendicular to the IR
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33
Q

AP AXIAL ( Towns Method) STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Petrous pyramids, foramen magnum, occipital bone

- - Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids are projected within the foramen magnum

34
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION DORSAL DECUBITUS PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine position
  • Side of interest closest to the IR
  • Elevate the head enough to be centred to the vertical grid
  • Head in true lateral position
  • Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP parallel to the iR
  • CR perpendicular to the IR and 5cm above the EAM
35
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION DORSAL DECUBITUS PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Superimposed halves of the cranium
  • Sella turcica, dorsum sellae, anterior and posterior coincide processes
  • Superimposed mandibullar rami
  • May demonstrate traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion ( clue to a basal skull fracture)
36
Q

AP PROJECTION REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD

A
  • Patient supine
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • CR perpendicular at the nasion
37
Q

AP PROJECTION REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Orbits filled by the Petrous pyramid shadows
  • Posterior ethmoidal air cells, crista galli, frontal bone and sinuses seen
  • Dorsum sellae is seen as a curved line extending between the orbits just above the ethmoidal air sinuses
38
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION OR REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • CR 15 deg up to enter the nasion
39
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION OR REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A

Petrous ridges lying in the lower 1/3 of the orbits

40
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION TOWNEMETHOD

A
  • Patient supine or erect
  • Back of head against Bucky or table
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR30 deg caud through the foramen magnum
  • CR approximately 6 cm above the GLABELLA and passing through the EAM
  • CR 37 deg if IOML is perpendicular to IR
41
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION TOWNEMETHOD

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Entire occipital bone
  • Equal distance between the foramen magnum and the lateral margin of the skull
  • Dorsum sella and posterior clinoids within the foramen magnum
  • Symmetrical Petrous ridges
42
Q

14 FACIAL BONES

A
  • Right and left maxillary bones
  • Right and left zygomatic bones
  • Right and left lacrimals
  • Right and left nasals
  • Right and left palatines
  • Right and left inferior nasal conchae
  • Vomer
  • Mandible
43
Q

FACIAL BONES LATERAL PROJECTION

A
  • Patient in an upright position
  • Side of interest closet to the IR
  • head in true lateral position
  • Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP parallel to the IR
  • IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the IR
  • CR centred on the lateral surface of the zygoma

Structures demonstrated= lateral facial bones

44
Q

PA AXIAL CALDWELLMETHOD PROJECTION

A
  • Patientupright, facing IR
  • Patient rests forehead and nose on IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR 15 cauded exiting the nasion ( Petrous ridges lower 3rd of orbit)
  • CR 30 deg cauded at the inferior orbital margin( Petrous ridges below the orbit)
45
Q

PA AXIAL CALDWELLMETHOD PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • CR 15deg- Petrous ridges in the lower 3rd of the orbits
  • CR 30deg- Petrous ridges below the orbits
  • Orbital rims, maxilla, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, anterior nasal spine and superior orbital fissures
46
Q

WATERS ETHOD

A
  • Patient in the upright position
  • Patient rests chin on the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML 37 deg to the IR
  • CR exiting the acanthion
47
Q

WATERS ETHOD

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Orbits
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic arches
48
Q

LATERAL FACE FOR TRAUMA ( Dorsal decubitus)

A
  • Patient in a supine position
  • Side of interest closest to the IR
  • Head in true lateral position
  • CR directed horizontally to the IR and centred to the zygomatic bone
49
Q

AP FACIAL BONE TRAUMA PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • CR directed perpendicular to the zygomatic bone
50
Q

REVERSE WATERS TRAUMA PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine
  • MSP is perpendicular to the IR
  • CR directed 30 deg cephalad parallel to the mentomental line
  • CR slightly below the acanthion
51
Q

REVERSE WATERS TRAUMA PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Orbits
  • Zygomatic arches
  • Maxilla magnified
  • Petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses
52
Q

ORBITS LATERAL PROJECTION

A
  • Patient upright or semi prone
  • Side of interest closest to the IR
  • Head in true lateral position
  • IPL perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP parallel to the IR
  • IOML parallel with the transverse axis of the IR
  • CR perpendicular to the outer canthus

Lateral orbits are demonstrated

53
Q

PA AXIAL orbits ( Caldwell Method )

A
  • Patient upright or prone
  • Patient rests forehead and nose on the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR deg caudad exiting the centre of the orbits
54
Q

PA AXIAL orbits ( Caldwell Method )

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Petrous ridges projected below the inferior margin of the orbits
  • Superior orbital fissures
55
Q

MODIFIED WATERS PROJECTION PA

A
  • Patient upright or prone
  • Patient rests chin on IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML 50deg to the IR
  • CR Perpendicular through the centre of orbits
56
Q

MODIFIED WATERS PROJECTION PA

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Petrous ridges below the orbits
  • Orbits
  • Maxilla
  • Zygomatic arches
57
Q

LATERAL NOSE PROJECTION

A
  • Head in true lateral projection with nose centred to IR
  • IPL perpendicular to the IR
  • MSP parallel to the IR
  • IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the IR
  • CR 1,3cm distal to the nasion perpendicular to the bridge of nose
58
Q

LATERAL NOSE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Anterior nasal spine
  • Frontal nasal suture
  • Lateral nasal bones
59
Q

WATERS METHOD NOSE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient in the upright position
  • Patient rests chin on the IR
  • OML 37deg to the IR
  • Mento mental line perpendicular to the IR
  • CR exiting the acanthion
60
Q

WATERS METHOD NOSE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A

Nasal Septum

61
Q

TOWNES METHOD MANDIBLE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine or upright
  • Patients back of head on IR
  • MSP perpendicular to IR
  • OML perpendicular to IR
  • CR 35 deg caudad centred between the TMJ, 7,6 cm above the nasion
62
Q

TOWNES METHOD MANDIBLE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Mandibullar condyles

- Mandibullar fossae of the temporal bone

63
Q

PA PROJECTION MANDIBLE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient facing the IR
  • Patient rests forehead and nose on the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR perpendicular exiting the acanthion
64
Q

PA PROJECTION MANDIBLE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Mandibular body
  • Mandibular rami
  • Mandibular central part of body superimposed by spine
65
Q

PA AXIAL MANDIBLE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient facing the IR
  • Patient rests forehead and nose on IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to IR
  • CR20-25 deg cephalad exiting acanthion
66
Q

PA AXIAL MANDIBLE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Mandibular condylar processes

- Fractures demonstrated if present

67
Q

AP MANDIBLE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine or erect ( patient unable to ly prone)
  • Patient rests back of head on the IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML perpendicular to the IR
  • CR perpendicular entering the acanthion
68
Q

AP MANDIBLE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Mandibular body
  • Mandibular rami
  • Central part of the body superimposed by spine
69
Q

AXIOLATERAL AND AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE MANDIBLE PROJECTION

A
  • Patient is supine or erect
  • Head in lateral projection with affected closest to the IR
  • Neck extended to prevent c spine superimposition
  • Head in true lateral ( demonstrates Mandibular rami)
  • Head rotated 30deg towards the IR ( demonstrates Mandibular body)
  • head rotated 45deg towards the IR demonstrates Mandibular symphysis)
  • CR 25 deg cephalad

-

70
Q

AXIOLATERAL AND AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE MANDIBLE PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Mandibular rami
  • Condylar processes
  • Coronoid processes
  • Mandibular body
  • Mentum of mandible nearest to the IR
71
Q

AXIOLATERAL TMJ PROJECTION

A
  • Both sides down for comparison
  • Head placed in true lateral projection
  • CR 25-30 deg caudad 5 cm above the EAM exiting the down side TMJ
72
Q

AXIOLATERAL TMJ PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Condyles lying in the Mandibular fossa for( closed mouth projection )
  • Condyles lying anterior to Mandibular fossa and inferior to articular tubercle
73
Q

WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES

A
  • Patient standing
  • Patient rest chin on IR
  • MSP perpendicular to the IR
  • OML 37 deg to IR
  • Mento meatal line perpendicular to the IR
  • CR exiting acanthion
74
Q

WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Zygomatic arches
  • Orbits
  • Maxilla
75
Q

Townes METHOD ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION

A
  • Patient supine or erect
  • OML placed perpendicular to IR
  • CR 30 deg caudad entering the GLABELLA
  • NB decrease exposure factors
76
Q

WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A

Zygomatic arches

77
Q

SMV BASAL METHOD PROJECTION

A
  • Patient seated
  • Centre MSP to midline of IR
  • Hyperextend patients neck until IOML is parallel with IR
  • Rest patients head on it’s vertex
  • CR perpendicular to IOML entering the MSPof the throat at the level of 2,5cm posterior to the outer canthus
78
Q

SMV BASAL METHOD PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A

Zygomatic arches projected free of superimposition

79
Q

SUPERO-INERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION

A
  • Patient prone or erect
  • Neck extended as far as possible
  • IOML parallel with IR
  • Rotate MSP 15 away side of interest
  • CR perpendicular to the IOML 2,5 cm posterior to the outer canthus
80
Q

SUPERO-INERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION

STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED

A
  • Zygomatic arches free of superimposition

- Very useful in patients with depressed fractures or flat cheekbones

81
Q

INFERIOR- SUPERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION

A
  • Pt. Neck hyperextended
  • IOML parallel with IR
  • MSP 15 deg towards the side of interest
  • CR perpendicular to the IOML 2;5 cm posterior to the outer canthus

Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 (18 decks)

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