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Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 > Module 11 Skull > Flashcards

Module 11 Skull Flashcards

1
Q

FONTANELS

A

FONTANELS are areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull.
- Anterior Fontanel

  • Posterior Fontanel
  • Two sphenoidal fontanels
  • Two mastoid fontanels
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2
Q

ANTERIOR FONTANEL

A

Incomplete ossification in the infant located at the junction of the frontal parietal lobe.

Closes around age 2

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3
Q

POSTERIOR FONTANEL

A

Incomplete ossification in infants located at the junction of the occipital and the parietals.

Closes with in 1-3 months of birth

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4
Q

SPHENOIDAL FONTANELS

A

Two areas of incomplete ossification in the infant skull located on each side of the head located at the anterior inferior angle of each parietal.

Closes 1-3 months of birth

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5
Q

MASTOID FONTANEL

A

Two incomplete ossification in the infants skull one on each side of the head located at the posterior, inferior angle of each parietal

Closes around age 2

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6
Q

aSKULL ARTICULATUONS

A

They are called sutures, these are fibrous synarthroses joints. 4 major sutures=

  • Coronal
  • Sagittal
  • Squamosal
  • Lambdoidal
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7
Q

METOPIC SUTURE

A

A persistent frontal suture that usually disappears by age 6

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8
Q

GLABELLA

A

A region on the frontal bone that is between the supercilliary arches

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9
Q

FRONTAL SINUSES

A

An area in the frontal bone that lies between the inner and outer tables of the frontal bone posterior to the supercilliary ridges

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10
Q

CAROTID CANAL

A

Passage of the internal carotid artery

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11
Q

STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

A

Passage of the facial nerve

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12
Q

MASTOID AIR CELLS

A

Air spaces in the mastoid region which are separated by a thin bony partition from the brain

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13
Q

SPHENOID BONE

A

A region in the base of the cranium which is butter-fly shaped and consists of a body, 2 lesser wings, 2 greater wings and 2 pterygoid processes

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14
Q

SELLA TURRCICA

A

Also know as the pituitary fossa which is the superior surface con cavity of the sphenoid body

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15
Q

CONCHAE

A

Scroll shaped bones in the ethmoidal bone that function in the filtration of air

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16
Q

SUPERIOR NUCHAL LINES

A

Area on the squamous part of the occipital bone for attachment of neck muscles

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17
Q

JUGULAR FORAMEN

A

Area between the occipital and the Petrous portion of the temporal bone which in the passage of the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves 9-( glossopharyngeal), 10(vagus), 11(accessory )

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18
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

A

Found in the occipital bone, lateral to the foramen magnum, transmits the hypoglossal nerve

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19
Q

ACANTHION

A

The mid point of the anterior nasal spine

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20
Q

BREGMA

A

The junction of the coronal and Sagittal sutures.

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21
Q

CANTHUS

A

The angle on each side of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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22
Q

GLABELLA

A

The smooth surface on the forehead between the supracillary ridges

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23
Q

GONION

A

Where the body and the ramus of the mandible meet

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24
Q

INION

A

The external occipital protuberance, ump on the back of the head

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25
MENTAL PROTUBERANCE
A slight ridge that ends below in a triangular prominence on the mandible ( tip of chin)
26
NASION
Where the nasal bones meet with the frontal bone
27
VERTEX
Highest point of the head
28
SKULL LATERAL POSITION
Patient in upright or semi prone position with side of interest on the IR - Head in true lateral position - Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR - MSP parallel to the IR - IOML parallel with the transverse axis of the IR - CR directed 5cm superior to the EAM
29
SKULL LATERAL POSITION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Superimposed halves of the cranium - Sella turcica, dorsum sellae, anterior and posterior chinois process - Superimposed mandibullar rami
30
PA axial SKULL ( Caldwell Method)
- Patient prone or standing - Patient rest nose and forehead on the Bucky - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to IR - CR 15deg caudad to the nasion
31
PA axial SKULL ( Caldwell Method) STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Petrous ridgesprojectedi to the lower 1/3 of the orbits - Frontal bone and frontal sinuses - Crista galli, anterior ethmoidal sinuses
32
AP AXIAL ( Towns Method)
- Patient supine or erect - Patient places the back of head on the IR - MSP perpendicular to IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR 30 deg caudad exiting the foramen magnum - or CR 37deg caudad if IOML is perpendicular to the IR
33
AP AXIAL ( Towns Method) STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Petrous pyramids, foramen magnum, occipital bone | - - Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids are projected within the foramen magnum
34
LATERAL PROJECTION DORSAL DECUBITUS PROJECTION
- Patient supine position - Side of interest closest to the IR - Elevate the head enough to be centred to the vertical grid - Head in true lateral position - Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR - MSP parallel to the iR - CR perpendicular to the IR and 5cm above the EAM
35
LATERAL PROJECTION DORSAL DECUBITUS PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Superimposed halves of the cranium - Sella turcica, dorsum sellae, anterior and posterior coincide processes - Superimposed mandibullar rami - May demonstrate traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion ( clue to a basal skull fracture)
36
AP PROJECTION REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD
- Patient supine - OML perpendicular to the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - CR perpendicular at the nasion
37
AP PROJECTION REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Orbits filled by the Petrous pyramid shadows - Posterior ethmoidal air cells, crista galli, frontal bone and sinuses seen - Dorsum sellae is seen as a curved line extending between the orbits just above the ethmoidal air sinuses
38
AP AXIAL PROJECTION OR REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD PROJECTION
- Patient supine - OML perpendicular to the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - CR 15 deg up to enter the nasion
39
AP AXIAL PROJECTION OR REVERSE CALDWELL METHOD PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
Petrous ridges lying in the lower 1/3 of the orbits
40
AP AXIAL PROJECTION TOWNEMETHOD
- Patient supine or erect - Back of head against Bucky or table - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR30 deg caud through the foramen magnum - CR approximately 6 cm above the GLABELLA and passing through the EAM - CR 37 deg if IOML is perpendicular to IR
41
AP AXIAL PROJECTION TOWNEMETHOD | STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Entire occipital bone - Equal distance between the foramen magnum and the lateral margin of the skull - Dorsum sella and posterior clinoids within the foramen magnum - Symmetrical Petrous ridges
42
14 FACIAL BONES
- Right and left maxillary bones - Right and left zygomatic bones - Right and left lacrimals - Right and left nasals - Right and left palatines - Right and left inferior nasal conchae - Vomer - Mandible
43
FACIAL BONES LATERAL PROJECTION
- Patient in an upright position - Side of interest closet to the IR - head in true lateral position - Interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR - MSP parallel to the IR - IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the IR - CR centred on the lateral surface of the zygoma Structures demonstrated= lateral facial bones
44
PA AXIAL CALDWELLMETHOD PROJECTION
- Patientupright, facing IR - Patient rests forehead and nose on IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR 15 cauded exiting the nasion ( Petrous ridges lower 3rd of orbit) - CR 30 deg cauded at the inferior orbital margin( Petrous ridges below the orbit)
45
PA AXIAL CALDWELLMETHOD PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- CR 15deg- Petrous ridges in the lower 3rd of the orbits - CR 30deg- Petrous ridges below the orbits - Orbital rims, maxilla, nasal septum, zygomatic bones, anterior nasal spine and superior orbital fissures
46
WATERS ETHOD
- Patient in the upright position - Patient rests chin on the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML 37 deg to the IR - CR exiting the acanthion
47
WATERS ETHOD STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Orbits - Maxilla - Zygomatic arches
48
LATERAL FACE FOR TRAUMA ( Dorsal decubitus)
- Patient in a supine position - Side of interest closest to the IR - Head in true lateral position - CR directed horizontally to the IR and centred to the zygomatic bone
49
AP FACIAL BONE TRAUMA PROJECTION
- Patient supine - OML perpendicular to the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - CR directed perpendicular to the zygomatic bone
50
REVERSE WATERS TRAUMA PROJECTION
- Patient supine - MSP is perpendicular to the IR - CR directed 30 deg cephalad parallel to the mentomental line - CR slightly below the acanthion
51
REVERSE WATERS TRAUMA PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Orbits - Zygomatic arches - Maxilla magnified - Petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses
52
ORBITS LATERAL PROJECTION
- Patient upright or semi prone - Side of interest closest to the IR - Head in true lateral position - IPL perpendicular to the IR - MSP parallel to the IR - IOML parallel with the transverse axis of the IR - CR perpendicular to the outer canthus Lateral orbits are demonstrated
53
PA AXIAL orbits ( Caldwell Method )
- Patient upright or prone - Patient rests forehead and nose on the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR deg caudad exiting the centre of the orbits
54
PA AXIAL orbits ( Caldwell Method ) STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Petrous ridges projected below the inferior margin of the orbits - Superior orbital fissures
55
MODIFIED WATERS PROJECTION PA
- Patient upright or prone - Patient rests chin on IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML 50deg to the IR - CR Perpendicular through the centre of orbits
56
MODIFIED WATERS PROJECTION PA STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Petrous ridges below the orbits - Orbits - Maxilla - Zygomatic arches
57
LATERAL NOSE PROJECTION
- Head in true lateral projection with nose centred to IR - IPL perpendicular to the IR - MSP parallel to the IR - IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the IR - CR 1,3cm distal to the nasion perpendicular to the bridge of nose
58
LATERAL NOSE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Anterior nasal spine - Frontal nasal suture - Lateral nasal bones
59
WATERS METHOD NOSE PROJECTION
- Patient in the upright position - Patient rests chin on the IR - OML 37deg to the IR - Mento mental line perpendicular to the IR - CR exiting the acanthion
60
WATERS METHOD NOSE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
Nasal Septum
61
TOWNES METHOD MANDIBLE PROJECTION
- Patient supine or upright - Patients back of head on IR - MSP perpendicular to IR - OML perpendicular to IR - CR 35 deg caudad centred between the TMJ, 7,6 cm above the nasion
62
TOWNES METHOD MANDIBLE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Mandibullar condyles | - Mandibullar fossae of the temporal bone
63
PA PROJECTION MANDIBLE PROJECTION
- Patient facing the IR - Patient rests forehead and nose on the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR perpendicular exiting the acanthion
64
PA PROJECTION MANDIBLE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Mandibular body - Mandibular rami - Mandibular central part of body superimposed by spine
65
PA AXIAL MANDIBLE PROJECTION
- Patient facing the IR - Patient rests forehead and nose on IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to IR - CR20-25 deg cephalad exiting acanthion
66
PA AXIAL MANDIBLE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Mandibular condylar processes | - Fractures demonstrated if present
67
AP MANDIBLE PROJECTION
- Patient supine or erect ( patient unable to ly prone) - Patient rests back of head on the IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML perpendicular to the IR - CR perpendicular entering the acanthion
68
AP MANDIBLE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Mandibular body - Mandibular rami - Central part of the body superimposed by spine
69
AXIOLATERAL AND AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE MANDIBLE PROJECTION
- Patient is supine or erect - Head in lateral projection with affected closest to the IR - Neck extended to prevent c spine superimposition - Head in true lateral ( demonstrates Mandibular rami) - Head rotated 30deg towards the IR ( demonstrates Mandibular body) - head rotated 45deg towards the IR demonstrates Mandibular symphysis) - CR 25 deg cephalad -
70
AXIOLATERAL AND AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE MANDIBLE PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Mandibular rami - Condylar processes - Coronoid processes - Mandibular body - Mentum of mandible nearest to the IR
71
AXIOLATERAL TMJ PROJECTION
- Both sides down for comparison - Head placed in true lateral projection - CR 25-30 deg caudad 5 cm above the EAM exiting the down side TMJ
72
AXIOLATERAL TMJ PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Condyles lying in the Mandibular fossa for( closed mouth projection ) - Condyles lying anterior to Mandibular fossa and inferior to articular tubercle
73
WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
- Patient standing - Patient rest chin on IR - MSP perpendicular to the IR - OML 37 deg to IR - Mento meatal line perpendicular to the IR - CR exiting acanthion
74
WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Zygomatic arches - Orbits - Maxilla
75
Townes METHOD ZYGOMATIC ARCHES PROJECTION
- Patient supine or erect - OML placed perpendicular to IR - CR 30 deg caudad entering the GLABELLA - NB decrease exposure factors
76
WATERS. ETHOD FOR ZYGOMATIC ARCHES STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
Zygomatic arches
77
SMV BASAL METHOD PROJECTION
- Patient seated - Centre MSP to midline of IR - Hyperextend patients neck until IOML is parallel with IR - Rest patients head on it’s vertex - CR perpendicular to IOML entering the MSPof the throat at the level of 2,5cm posterior to the outer canthus
78
SMV BASAL METHOD PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
Zygomatic arches projected free of superimposition
79
SUPERO-INERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION
- Patient prone or erect - Neck extended as far as possible - IOML parallel with IR - Rotate MSP 15 away side of interest - CR perpendicular to the IOML 2,5 cm posterior to the outer canthus
80
SUPERO-INERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATED
- Zygomatic arches free of superimposition | - Very useful in patients with depressed fractures or flat cheekbones
81
INFERIOR- SUPERIOR TANGENTIAL PROJECTION
- Pt. Neck hyperextended - IOML parallel with IR - MSP 15 deg towards the side of interest - CR perpendicular to the IOML 2;5 cm posterior to the outer canthus

Radiographic Procedures And Pathology. Prep Course 1 (18 decks)

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