Urinary Week 3

Question 1

How many kidneys do fish have?

Answer 1

1

Question 2

What is the difference between the function of gill in freshwater vs saltwater fish?

Answer 2

In freshwater the fill actively take up NaCl whereas in saltwater they excrete it

Question 3

what are the 2 nephron types in avian species?

Answer 3

reptile type- no loop of henle, cant concentrate

Mammalian type- longer, loop of henle

Question 4

What controls tubular water permeability?

Answer 4

Arginine vasotocin

Question 5

Where are the salt glands and what is there purpose?

Answer 5

Supraorbital, secreting excess salt

Question 6

What is the major difference in bladder anatomy in snakes vs chelonians?

Answer 6

Snakes have no bladder, chelonians have a bladder and accessory bladders

Question 7

Which hormones are involved in the RAAS system

Answer 7

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

Question 8

Which extrinsic mechanisms kick in under acute haemorrhage?

Answer 8

Sympathetic nervous system- vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II- vasoconstrict
Endothelin- vasoconstrict
Prostaglandins, NO

Question 9

What happens when you eat a meal high in salt?

Answer 9

Increase ECF volume, increased blood pressure, increased flow to the kidneys, suppresses renin, decreases salt reabsorption, decreases ECF, decreases pressure

Question 10

What is the action of angiotensin II?

Answer 10

Insertion of Na+ channels in renal tubules in proximal tubule, thick ascending limb and in collecting duct

Question 11

By what mechanism does urine move along the ureter?

Answer 11

Peristalsis via locally regulated smooth muscle

Question 12

Which urethral sphincter is made of striated muscle fibre?

Answer 12

External urethral sphincter

Question 13

What are the central connections to micturition

Answer 13

Pons and cerebral cortex, some at cerebellum

Question 14

What is the detrusor reflex?

Answer 14

When increased vesicular pressure with filling achieves the threshold resulting in contraction of the detrusor muscle

Question 15

What is the effect of alpha adrenergic blocker on micturition?

Answer 15

Decrease sphincter tone

Question 16

What is dysuria?

Answer 16

Difficult or painful passage of urine

Question 17

What is pollakuria?

Answer 17

Increased frequency of urinations

Question 18

What is enuresis?

Answer 18

Unconscious leakage of urine during sleep

Question 19

What are the symptoms of a lower motor neuron bladder?

Answer 19

Absent voluntary micturition
Atonic bladder
Atonic urethral sphincters
Absent detrusor reflex

Question 20

Where do loop diuretics act?

Answer 20

Na+K+2Cl- symporter in thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption

Question 21

How do potassium sparing diuretics work?

Answer 21

Directly blocking the epithelial sodium channel thereby inhibiting sodium reabsorption

Question 22

How long does it take for spironolacton to have effect?

Answer 22

2-3 days

Question 23

How do osmotic diuretics work?

Answer 23

Presence leads to an increase in osmolarity of the filtrate so water is retained in the urine

Question 24

What maintains calcium concentratin?

Answer 24

Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D

Question 25

What increases magnesium reabsoprtion?

Answer 25

PTH and calcitonin

Question 26

What is a clinical result of high PTH?

Answer 26

Bone resorption- rubber jaw

Question 27

What is the main difference between CKD and AKI?

Answer 27

AKI is potentially reversible with rapid deterioritation and clinical signs, CKD is irreversible and often has no clinical signs until severe