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Year 2 > Repro Week 2 > Flashcards

Repro Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the conducing organs?

A

Uterine tube and uterus

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2
Q

What structures come from the paramesonephric duct?

A

uterine tube, uterus and vagina

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3
Q

What is different about the equine ovary?

A

It has an ovarian fossa, the only place for cortex and where the egg will always ovulate from

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the broad ligament?

A

Supports and suspends ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix and anterior vagina

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5
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A

Supports the oviducts and serves as a bursa like pouch surrounding the ovary in some species

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6
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus

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7
Q

What is the utero-ovarian countercurrent system?

A

PGF2 alpha is secreted from the endometrium which passes into the ovarian vein
It diffuses back into the artery, maintains high concentrations of PGF2alpha to the ovary

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8
Q

Which species have a bicornuate uterus?

A

Mare, cow, bitch, queen and sow

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9
Q

What is the oestrogen influence on the caudal vagina?

A

Squamous epithelium thickens

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10
Q

Which hormone controls early follicular development?

A

FSH

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11
Q

What hormones to follicles secrete?

A

Oestrogen and inhibin- negative feedback on pituitary and suppress FSH

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12
Q

What change occurs when a dominant follicle is made?

A

Transition from FSH to LH dependence

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13
Q

What is the LH surge to ovulation interval of the cow?

A

24-30 hours

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14
Q

What is different about the bitches luteal development?

A

It occurs pre ovulatory so there is an earlier progesterone rise. There is hypertrophy and granulosa folds but no follicular collapse. central luteal cavity

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15
Q

What is the luteolytic hormone?

A

PGF2alpha

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16
Q

What is the structural mechanism for luteolysis?

A

Reduced blood flow, increase in macrophages and lymphocytes, apoptosis and tissue resorption

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17
Q

What does seasonal polyoestrus mean?

A

Multiple cycles during 1 season

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18
Q

What does lordosis mean?

A

Receptive to the male

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19
Q

What is occuring during pro-oestrus and oestrus?

A

Follicles are developing and the secrete increasing concentrations of oestradiol- leading to oestrus behaviour

20
Q

What is occuring in metoestrus and dioestrus?

A

ovarian follicles have ovulated, producing a corpus luteum
CL secretes progesterone into blood, ending with luteolysis by PGF2alpha. During this time follicles develop but fail to ovulate

21
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on a female?

A

Increased secretion by glands of uterine epithelium
Gland secretions contain nutrients for fertilised oocytes
Prepares uterus for zygote
Behaviour (rejection)

22
Q

What is the oestrus length in the mare and when does ovulation occur?

A

6 days and last day of oestrus

23
Q

What is the length of oestrus in the cow and when does ovulation occur?

A

8 hours, 12 hours after end of oestrus

24
Q

What is the duration of oestrus in the bitch?

A

7-14 days

25
Q

Why are mares a problems for getting pregnant?

A

Return to oestrus is variable and length of oestrus is variable, so hard to predict time of ovulation

26
Q

What is the best way to detect oestrus in the bitch?

A

Vaginal cytology or plasma progesterone measurement

27
Q

How might you detect oestrus in cows clinically?

A

Low plasma/milk progesterone

Detection of large follicle (absence of CL)- palpation of ultrasound

28
Q

What are signs of oesrus in the sow?

A

Swollen vulva, congested prior to oestrus
Seeks boar
Stands to be mounted

29
Q

Difference between induced and spontaneous ovulators?

A

Induced need copulation to result in neuro-endocrine response causing an LH surge and then ovulation, whereas spontaneous ovulation occurs at regular intervals and is hormonally induced

30
Q

What is a silent oestrus?

A

Ovulation with limited signs of oestrus

31
Q

What stimulates puberty?

A

Secretion of GnRH at appropriate frequency and quantity to stimulate gonadotropin release at anterior pituitary

32
Q

What is the difference between pre puberty and post puberty hormones in the female?

A

In pre puberty, only tonic LH pulses occur as frequency of GnRH pulses is too low to produce a surge
Oestradiol levels are also low

33
Q

What factors effect female puberty?

A

Season
Photoperiod at puberty
Presence or absence of opposite sex at puberty Density of same sex groups

34
Q

Average age of puberty in the cow?

A

11 months (male and female)

35
Q

What is the effect of melatonin in a long day breeder?

A

Represses reproduction

36
Q

What is the natural breeding season of sheep?

A

October to february

37
Q

What is the time for uterine involution in the bitch?

A

90 days

38
Q

What is the hormone profile of an animal in anoestrus?

A

Low progesterone and low oestradiol

39
Q

Where are the testis in birds?

A

Intraabdominal, cranioventral to first kidney lobe

40
Q

What are the different stages of ovarian follicles?

A

Numerous small white, large number of small yellow, 10 yolky

41
Q

What is lacking in avian eggs?

A

No zona pellucida, membrana granulosa or cumulus oophorus

42
Q

What do granulosa cells produce in birds?

A

Progesterone

43
Q

What is the open period?

A

Window of time for LH release, lasts 8-10 hours and starts at onset of darkness -> 1 hour after light onset

44
Q

What leads to ovulation in birds?

A

High levels of progesterone during open period, LH surge

45
Q

How long can sperm be stored in female birds?

A

10-14 days

46
Q

Where are the gonads located in snakes?

A

Caudal to gall bladder

Year 2 (11 decks)

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