Repro Week 3

Question 1

At what stage of meiosis are eggs ovulated in the bitch

Answer 1

Metaphase of meiosis I, completion occurs after fertilisation

Question 2

Where does fertilisation occur?

Answer 2

First 1 third of the oviduct

Question 3

What events occur at fertilisation?

Answer 3

Sperm and egg membrane fusion depolarises the egg membrane and causes the cortical reaction
Oocyte is activated and completion of meiosis II occurs

Question 4

What is an ootid?

Answer 4

A cell where both pronuclei of the oocyte and the sperm are visible in the same cell

Question 5

An embry has 16 cells, what is it called?

Answer 5

A morula

Question 6

When does totipotency cease?

Answer 6

After the morula

Question 7

What is the progression of the embryo in the mare?

Answer 7

Fertilised- only fertilised eggs pass into the uterus. The embryo releases prostaglandins E and F that may promote embryo migration

Question 8

What occurs in a freemartin pregnancy?

Answer 8

Dizygotic twins of female and male, placental fusion occurs and the female is a sterile XX/XY

Question 9

What does IUGR stand for?

Answer 9

Intra- uterine growth retardation

Question 10

When does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur?

Answer 10

Before luteolysis

Question 11

What type of placenta does the sow and mare have?

Answer 11

Epitheliochorial

Question 12

List hormones produced by the placenta?

Answer 12

Progesterone, oestrogen, prolactin, placental lactogens

Question 13

What is the gestation for a ewe and when is ‘placental takeover’?

Answer 13

5 months, 50 days

Question 14

What is the gestation in the queen and when is placental takeover?

Answer 14

65 days, none

Question 15

What species have placental takeover?

Answer 15

Cow, ewe, mare, humans

Question 16

What is the function of oestrogens during pregnancy?

Answer 16

Stimulate mammary development, placental growth, increase uterine blood flow, stimulate myometrial growth, prepare for parurition

Question 17

What does relaxin do?

Answer 17

Softens CT enabling growth of fetus, relaxes pelvis ligaments, parturition

Question 18

When do endometrial cups appear in the mare?

Answer 18

around 40 days

Question 19

Where is prolactin produced from?

Answer 19

Lactotrophs of anteriory pituitary gland and placenta

Question 20

What is the source of progesterone in the bitch?

Answer 20

The CL throughout

Question 21

When is PGF2alpha effective to terminate a pregnancy in the cow?

Answer 21

up to 150 days after which placenta takes over

Question 22

How can corticosteroids terminate pregnancy?

Answer 22

Mimics fetal signals and induces myometrial contractions- expulsion of the fetus

Question 23

What is the gestation period of a donkey?

Answer 23

365 days

Question 24

Describe sex steroids and its relevance to inflammation?

Answer 24

Oestrogen is pro inflammatory and progesterone is anti inflammatory

Question 25

Describe pseudopregnancy type II in the mare?

Answer 25

Occurs with failure between days 36 and 140 after endometrial cups have formed. There is no return to oestrus, secondary CLs will persist for normal lifespan so cannot be lysed by PGF2alpha

Question 26

What is early conception factor?

Answer 26

Pregnancy glycoprotein produced within 48 hours of conception- an immunosuppressive, produced in horses and cows

Question 27

What can be detected using a simple doppler ultrasound?

Answer 27

Fetal heart rate

Question 28

What changes occur in the uterine artery?

Answer 28

Enlargment and change in blood flow- turbulent buzzing feel

Question 29

What is the effect of prolonged progesterone in pregnancy on the vagina?

Answer 29

Thinning of the wall, few layers of epithelium

Question 30

What are the best PD methods in cows?

Answer 30

Rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasound

Question 31

What are the best PD methods in the bitch?

Answer 31

Transabdominal ultrasound, plasma relaxin