Repro Week 5 Flashcards
What is the difference between lactogenesis and galactopoiesis?
Lactogenesis is the initiation of milk secretion at parturition- production of colostrum
Galactopoiesis is the continued milk secretion during lactation
From what tissue does mammary glands originate
Epidermis, from lines called mammary ridges
How does milk move from alveoli into the ducts?
Contraction of myoepithelial cells
What is a monotreme?
Mammary tissue is a sweat gland, there are no teats, the milk just runs out along hair shafts
How are abdominal mammary glands vascularised?
Branches of the cranial and caudal superficial epigastric
What is the effect of ostreogen and progesterone on mammary gland growth?
Oestrogen- branching of ducts
Progestrone- formation of alveoli
Where is the majority of milk synthesised?
epithelial cells
What cells are found in milk?
Leukocytes and dislodged mammary epithelial cells
Where is placental lactogen produced from and what is its action?
From binucleate cells in placenta, acts like prolactin and growth hormone to stimulate mammary growth
Which hormones affect galactopoeisis?
Prolactin, oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol
How is lactose synthase made?
galactosyltransferase binds to alpha lactalbumin
Describe grade 3 mastitis?
Severe- changes to the cow such as pyrexia, tachycardia etc
What is contagious mastitis?
Infection spread cow to cow almost exclusively during the milking process
List some Contagious bacteria
Staph aureus, strep agalactiae, strep dysgalactiae
List some environmental mastitis bacteria
E.coli, strep uberis, strep dysgalactiae
What is the five point plan?
- post milking teat disinfection
- treat clinical cases
- dry cow therapy for all
- cull chronically ill
- milking machine maintenance
What are the steps of uterus involution?
Myometrial contractions- persistaltic waves towards cervix, discharge of fluid and tissue debris, compressing vasculature
All stimulated by oxytocin and PGF2alpha
Coordinated atrophy of myometrial cells
What is lochia?
A second cleansing- bloond tinged, remnants of fetal placenta and endometrial tissue
Should be odourless
How long is uterine involution in the ewe?
30 days
Describe uterine involution in the bitch
Takes 90 days
1st lochia involves an immedite green part and days 1-3 a red and watery one
2nd lochia- 4-6 weeks later
How does insulin effect reproduction?
Direct action on antral follicle growth and steroid production, regulatory of circulatory IGF (which enhances ovarian action of gonadotrophins and has direct effect on follicle growth and steroidogenesis)
What is flushing
2 weeks prior to tupping increasing nutritional plane for ewes to increase fecundity. It increases leptin, insulin and decreases growth hormone, IGF unaffected
Transient increase in FSH, decreased oestradiol- increased folliculogenesis
What relationship does selenium have with reproduction?
Deficiency leads to increased incidence of retained placenta, cystic ovaries, embryonic mortality, decreased conception rates, increased endoemtritis risk and birth of premature or dead calves
What is the effect of tetrathyomolybdates on reproduction?
Increased leads to decreased progesterone, decreased maternal recognition, increased pregnancy failure
What ist the result of zinx deficiency?
Reduced spermatogenesis, libido and testicular size
Reduced fecundity, increased pregnancy toxaemia
