Urinary tract infection

Question 1

Dysuria

Answer 1

Any abnormality urinating

- painful urination

Question 2

Stranguria

Answer 2

Taking too long to urinate (straining)

- interchangeable

Question 3

Pollakiuria

Answer 3

Increased urinary frequency

Question 4

Hematuria

Answer 4

Blood in the urine

Question 5

Which sign is not specific to the lower urinary tract?

Answer 5

Hematuria

Question 6

Normal urination characterisitics

Answer 6

• going 3-4x daily
• minimal straining
• good stream
• normal color
• can voluntarily store urine

Question 7

Bladder problems in young male dogs is commonly _____

Answer 7

Cystitis

Question 8

Bladder problems in cats is commonly _____

Answer 8

Sterile cystitis

Question 9

How to differentiate hemoglobinuria from hematuria

Answer 9

Hemoglobinuria stays the same color throughout, does not settle to the bottom

Question 10

Urine analysis in patients with LUTD

Answer 10

• dipstick chemistry
• urine sedimentation
• bacterial culture

Question 11

Urine sedimentation will show _______

Answer 11

• bacteriruia

- pyruia

Question 12

What are 3 major differential diagnoses?

Answer 12

• cystitis
• cystic calculi
• neoplasia

Question 13

Cystitis

Answer 13

Inflammation of the bladder

Question 14

Infectious cystitis

Answer 14

• bacteria
• fungi
• yeast

Question 15

Noninfectious cystitis

Answer 15

• idiopathic
• cyclophasphamide
• calculi
• neoplasia

Question 16

Bacterial cystitis are most commonly seen in ________

Answer 16

Female dogs

• short urethra
• ascending urinary tract infection
• most commonly from gram neg bacteria in the gut

Question 17

Common types of bacteria in the dog

Answer 17

• Gram neg: e coli, klebsiella, proteus

- Gram pos: staphylococcus, streptococcus

Question 18

Normal defense mechanisms

Answer 18

• anatomic barriers
• mechanical flushing
• competition w/ normal flora
• antibacterial properties of urine
• immunologic mechanisms

Question 19

Urine culture and sensitivity

Answer 19

• disk diffusion

- minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 20

_________ is the cornerstone of treatment for bacterial cystitis

Answer 20

Antibiotic therapy

• acute (uncomplicated): 1-2 week
• chronic (complicated): 2 months or longer

Question 21

Criteria for antibiotic selection

Answer 21

• antibiotic spectrum
• route of excretion: urinary tract
• mechanism of action: bactericidal
• toxicity: choose benign drug
• owner acceptability

Question 22

Complicated cystitis considerations

Answer 22

• persistent focus of infection
• breakdown in local defense
• underlying systemic disorder

Question 23

Radiography

Answer 23

• survey radiography
• cystography
• urethrography

Question 24

LUTD diagnostic tests

Answer 24

• radiography
• ultrasonography
• endoscopy

Question 25

______ disease makes dogs more prone to UTIs

Answer 25

Cushings

Question 26

Pyelonephritis

Answer 26

Infection of the renal pelvis

• ascending LUTI
• acute: malaise, fever, pain
• chronic: PU/PD, recurrent UTI

Question 27

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis

Answer 27

• bloodwork: inflammatory leukogram, hyperglobinemia

- urinalysis: proteinuria, pyruia, casts, positive urine culture

Question 28

Chronic or “occult” pyelonephritis

Answer 28

• unexplained PU/PD

- recurrent UTI

Question 29

Diagnosis of occult disease

Answer 29

• ultrasonography
• intravenous nephrography
• intermittent urine cultures
• aspiration of renal pelvis