Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease Flashcards
Cats are more prone to _____ and ______
Obstruction and inappropriate urination
Feline lower urinary tract disease clinical signs
- hematuria
- dysuria
- inappropriate urination
- pollakiuria
- obstruction
Causes of FLUTD
- idiopathic (sterile)
- crystalluria/calculi
- viral
- bacterial
- mycoplasmal
Idiopathic sterile cystitis
Diagnosis of exclusion
- comparable to interstitial cystitis in people
- possibly neurogenic inflammatory response to stressors (central brain component)
Medical management of idiopathic sterile cystitis
- litterbox management
- stress reduction
- environmental enrichment (MEMO)
- increased water intake
- drug therapy –> amitriptyline, pain relief, glycosaminoglycans, pheromones
Urethral obstruction
Male cats with FLUTD are susceptible to acute urethral obstruction, especially those with crystalluria
- lower urinary tract dz in the male cat should be considered life-threatening
What 2 clinical signs of urethral obstruction are due to postrenal azotemia
- obstruction
- rupture
other signs: hematuria, pollakiuria, dysuria
Management priorities of urethral obstruction
- stabilize patient: azotemia, hyperkalemia (fluid therapy)
- relieve obstruction
- prevent relapse
Stabilizing patient
Obstructed cat typically has postrenal azotemia and must initially be treated as acute renal failure
- IV fluid therapy is cornerstone of medical stabilization
- dextrose + insulin drives potassium into cell to get potassium away
How to relieve the obstruction
- massaging penis
- gentle bladder compression
- urethral catheterization
- cystocentesis
- perineal urethrostomy
How to prevent relapse
- remove underlying cause
- calculolytic diet
- perineal urethrostomy
Bladder cancers in dogs are almost always _________
Malignant
Bladder neoplasia
Presenting signs typically identical to those of bacterial cystitis
_______ is the most common bladder tumor in small animals
Transitional cell carcinoma
- usually locally invasive and metastatic
Bladder neoplasia is usually caused by something in ______
Urine
- reason for widespread formation
Most common location for bladder neoplasia:
Trigone of the bladder
- cannot remove without creating permanent incontinence
Etiology of transitional cell carcinoma
- genetic/breed predisposition (scottie, sheltie, collie)
- insecticides
- cyclophosphamide
Always do a _____ when suspicious of bladder cancer
Rectal exam
Further diagnostics of bladder cancer
- imaging techniques
- cytology/histopathology
- veterinary bladder tumor antigen
- canine BRAF test
Bladder neoplasia imaging techniques
- plain radiographs
- contrast radiographs
- ultrasonography
- endoscopy
Cytology findings of bladder neoplasia
- urine sediment
- fine needle
Histopathology findings of neoplasia
- suction biopsy
- endoscopy
- laparotomy
- risk of spreading to suture lines, etc
______ cells in urine could resemble cancer due to high bacterial load
Hypoplastic
“Curative” treatment of bladder neoplasia
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
Palliative treatment of bladder neoplasia
- antibiotics
- piroxicam
- stents
What are 3 types of bladder neoplasia?
- transitional cell carcinoma
- rhabdomyosarcoma
- inflammatory polyps
last 2 are treatable via removal
Potential locations of urinary neoplasia
- urethra
- prostate
- bladder
- kidneys
