Physical Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most important diagnostic tool?
A
Physical exam
2
Q
General approach
A
Systematic/repeatable
- nose to tail (or opposite)
- approach patient and system from macro to micro
- eyes/hands first, then instruments
- perform complete exam, then focus on problems
3
Q
Body
A
- attitude
- body condition
- gait
- smell/odor
- haircoat
4
Q
Head
A
Check for muscle symmetry
5
Q
Eyes
A
- symmetry/position
- 3rd eyelid
- discharge
- blepharospasm
- full blink
- cornea, lens, pupil size
- PLR
- fundic exam
6
Q
Ears
A
- position
- odor
- moisture
- characterize debris
- vertical canal
- horizontal canal
- tympanic membrane
7
Q
Nose
A
- symmetry
- airflow
- nare size
- characterize discharge
8
Q
When using a stethoscope, you are collecting _______
A
Heart rate
- check pulse with your fingers
- may not be the same number
9
Q
Dog dental formula
A
I = 3/3 C = 1/1 PM = 4/4 M = 2/3
10
Q
Cat dental formula
A
I = 3/3 C = 1/1 PM = 3/2 M = 1/1
11
Q
Teeth
A
- MM/CRT
- gingiva
- halitosis
- masses
- fistulas
- cleft palate
12
Q
Neck
A
- mandibular/prescapular LN
- mandibular salivary gland
- thyroid slip/enlargement
- tracheal palpation
- neck range of motion
13
Q
Thorax
A
- chest excursions
- axillary lymph nodes
14
Q
Respiratory auscultation
A
- resting dog rate: 10-30 breaths/min
- resting cat rate: 20-40 breaths/min
- listen to all fields for crackles, wheezes ,referred, dull/absence
15
Q
Cardiac auscultation
A
- resting dog rate: 60-160 beats/min
- resting cat rate: 120-220 beats/min
- left/right, parasternal in cats
- base and apex
- murmur, arrhythmia, gallop
- palpate pulse for quality and synchrony
16
Q
Maximal point of intensity
A
- pulmonic: 3rd intercostal space (left)
- aortic: 4th intercostal space (left)
- mitral: 5th intercostal space (left)
- tricuspid: 4th intercostal space (right)
17
Q
Murmur grades
A
1: skilled listener, quiet room
2: quiet focal, takes effort to hear
3: moderate intensity, heard in more than 1 location
4: loud, heard over cardiac silhouette w/ no palpable thrill
5: loud, w/ palpable thrill
6: very loud w/ thrill and audible with stethoscope off chest
18
Q
Abdomen
A
- tucked, lordosis/kyphosis, pot-bellied
- skin
- masses
- abdominal effusion
- back pain –> thoracolumbar or lumbosacral
19
Q
Abdominal palpation
A
- mammary glands
- liver margins/spleen
- intestinal loops
- kidneys –> can feel both in cats
- urinary bladder
- inguinal LN
- foreign body/masses
20
Q
Inguinal region
A
- prepuce
- penis
- scrotum/testicles
- vulva
21
Q
Extremities
A
- range of motion
- bony proliferation/masses
- crepitus of joints
- joint effusion
- pain
- look between toes/pads
- popliteal LN
22
Q
Tail and perianal region
A
- tailhead for ectoparasites
- tail –> pain, limber, ROM, carriage
- anus –> temp, anal tone, parasites, irritation, diarrhea
- hernias
- anal glad abscess/saculitis
- fecal staining
- urine staining
23
Q
Rectum
A
- anal glands: express, mass, pain
- prostate: size, symmetry, pain
- urethra: size, stones, pain
- pelvis: symmetry, fractures, pain
- sacrum: symmetry, back pain
24
Q
Other exam types
A
- orthopedic
- neurologic
- ocular
- oral
- reproductive
25
Documentation is important for _______
- observing trends
| - remembering things
26
What are 4 strategies for diagnostic problem-solving?
- hypothesis testing (problem based)
- pattern recognition (categorization)
- specific instances
- general prototypes
27
For an expert, choice of strategy is influenced by _________
Perceived difficulty of the case and knowledge base
28
More errors occur when _______
Simple strategies are employed due to cognitive limitations and biases
29
Problem-based approach
- master problem list
- differential list
- diagnosis
