urinary system - structure and function Flashcards
kidney function:
- excretion of metabolic waste products like… 4
urea
creatinine
bilirubin
hydrogen
kidney function
- excretion of foreign chemicals like/// 4
dugs
toxins
pesticides
food additives
kidney function
- secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
like. ..3
renal erythropoetic factor
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (vit D)
renin
kidney function
- regulation of ___-___ balace
acid base
kidney function
- ____: glucose synthesis from amino acids
gluconeogenesis
kidney function
- control of ____ pressure
Arterial
kidney function
- regulation of ___ and ___ excretion
water
electrolyte
urea is created from ___ metabolism
protein
uric acid comes from ___ ___ metabolism
nucleic acid
creatinine comes from ___ metabolism
muscle
bilirubin comes from ___ metabolism
hemoglobin
renal erythropoietic factor
AKA ____
stimulates ___ ___ to produce ___
erythropoietin
bone marrow
RBCs
anemia secondary to kidney disease/damage… why?
bc erythropoietin stimulates RBC production by bone marrow
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol binds with ___ to be absorbed in the intestines
calcium
hypocalcemia bc not enough 1,25 dihydroxicholecalciferol… why?
bone marrow compensates by osteoclastic activity to replenish calcium in the blood for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and clotting
renin is secreted by ___ ___
juxtaglomerular apparatus
angiotensinogen produced by ____
liver
angiotensinogen converted to ___ __ by ___
angiotensin 1 by renin
angiotensin I is converted to ____ ____ by ___ ___ ___ in the ___
angiotensin II
angiotenin converting enzyme
lungs
angiotensin II is a strong ___
vasoconstrictor
angiotensin II acts upon the adrenal cortex to produce
aldosterone
decrease in O2 delivery in the kidney –> ___ erythropoetin –> ___ erythrocyte production in bone marrow –> ___ O2 delivery in the kidney
increase
increase
increase
increase in erythrocyte production will reverse oxygen amount in the kidney after more ___ are produced
RBCs
kidney produces active form of vitamin D
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
kidneys are the only means of excreting ___-___ acids
non-volatile
____: kidneys synthesize glucose from precursors during prolonged fasting
gluconeogenesis
there is a ___ intake of sodium and __ excretion
rapid
slow
when sodium is retained. there is only a ___ increase in extracellular fluid volume
slight
minor calyx recieves the ___
papilla
major calyx: 2/3 ___ ___ unite
minor calyx
renal pelvis: ____ ___ unite together
major calyx
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> ___ ___ –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
segmental arteries
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> ___ ____ –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
interlobar arteries
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> ___ ___ –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
arcuate arteries
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> ___ ___ –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
interlobular arterioles
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> ____ ____ –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
afferent arterioles
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> ____ –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
glomerulus
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> ___ ____ –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
efferent arterioles
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> ___ ____ –> interlobular v –> arcuate v
peritubular capillaries
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> ___ ___ –> arcuate v
interlobular v
blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> ___ ___
arcuate v
___: functional unit of the kidney
nephron
each kidney has ____K- __M nephrons
800
1
5 components to the nephron
glomerulus bowmans capsule PCT loop of henle DCT
nephrons ____ regenerate
DONT
3 reasons for a decrease in nephron
renal injury
disease
aging
after age 40, nephron decreases __% per decade
10
macula densa senses decrease in Na+ levels secretes a substance that stimulates ____ production
renin
macula densa cells are located early in the ___ tubule
distal
macula densa monitor amount of ___ in urinary filtrate
Na+
cortical nephron in the ___
cortex
juxtamedullary nephron is located on the border of the ___ and ____
cortex
medulla
paratubular capillaries form hairlike loops = ___ ___
Vasa recta
juxtamedullary nephone has a ___ GFR than the coritcal because it has more ___ ___
higher
surface area
cortical nephron has ___ loops of henle
short
juxamedullary nephrons
- ___-___% of the nephrons
- lie deep in the renal ___ near the ___
- larger ___
- ___ loops of henle
- ___ ___
20-30 cortex;medulla glomeruli longer vas recta
components of the micturition center (5)
sensory stretch receptors pelvic nerves DRG PS neurons detrusor muscle
pelvic splanchnic nerves
- 2 fibers
- carry stimulus for ____
pre gg PS; GVA
stretch
DRG have cell bpdies of ___ fibers
GVA
PS nerves for micturition center in ___-___
S2-S4
micturition center is self- ______
regenerative
SP favors ___ of bladder
filling
PS favors ____ of bladder
emptying
SP binds to beta 2 receptors the detrusor muscle becomes _____
relaxed
SP binds to alpha 1 receptors the internal sphincter becomes _____
contracted
PS binds to muscarinic receptor the detrusor muscle becomes ___
contracted
PS binds to muscarinic receptor the internal sphinter becomes ____
relaxed
brainstem - stong ___ and ___ centers for the micturition center
facilitative and inhibitory
cerebral cortex - mainly ___ but can become ___ for the micturition center
inhibitory
excitatory
____ ____ center: collection of cell bdies in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition
pontine micturition center (PMC)
when the PMC is activated, ___ urethral sphincter and allow for urination
relax
the PMC coordinates with the other brain centers, including 4
medial frontal cortex
insular cortex
hypothalamus
periaqueductal gray
____ ___: acts as a relay station for ascending bladder info from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain area
periaqueductal gray
atonic bladder also called ___ bladder
tabetic
atonic bladder:
- constrictive fibrosis of ___ root
dorsal
atonic bladder
- prevents stretch stimulus to get to ____
parasympathetics
atonic bladder
- overflow incontinence –> ___ slowly
drips
automatic bladder
- damage is ____
suprasacral
automatic bladder
- injury to lumbar region- cut off ___ influence from higher centers
inhibitory
automatic bladder
- can train with a catheter
- be able to urine on own except for its ___
unannounced
uninhibited neurogenic bladder
- ___ bladder
- lose ___ influence from higher centers
overactive
inhibitory
uninhibited neurogenic bladder
- facilitated influence from brainstem –> ___ center –> very ___ micturition center –> small amount of urine leads to ____ to go
sacal
excitable
NEED to go
____ - muscular tubular organ carrying urine from kidneys to the bladder
ureters
2 layers of SM
longitudinal - inside
circular - outside
ureters are about ___-___ cm long
25-35
3 nerve supply to ureters
PS
SP
intramural
____ reflux: reflex from bladder to ureters; ureters enter at an angle to the renal pyramids - this squeezes the entrance point
vesicoureteral
____ reflex: nerve reflex; ureter is pain sensitive; kidney stone blocking; pain triggers SP
ureterorenal
___: going from glomerular capillaries –> bowman’s capsule
filtration
____: bowmans capsule –> peritubular capillaries
reabsorption
___: peritubular capillaries –> bowman’s capsule
secretion
___: bowman’s capsule –> out
excretion
filtration: somewhat variable; not selective (except for ___), averages __% of renal plasma flow
protein
20
reabsorption: highly variable and selective; most ___ and ___ are almost completely reabsorption; most waste products are poorly reabsorbed
electrolytes
nutritional
secretion: highly variable; important for rapidly excreting ___ products, ____ substance, and ____
waste
foreign
toxins
___ and ___ ___ are filtered and COMPLETELY reabsorbed
glucose
amino acids
___ ___: the amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount of substance leaving the organ, assuming that the substance is neither synthesized or degraded by the organ
fick principle
water is almost ____ reabsorbed
entirely
sodium is ___ reabsorbed
mostly
glucose is ____ reabsorbed
completely
creatinine is ____ reabsorbed
completely
creatinine can be used to measure glomerular filtration but ___ is better
inulin
waste products like ___ and ___ are ___ only
urea
creatinine
filtered
electrolytes like ___ and ___ are ____ and partially ____
sodiium
chloride
filtered
reabsorbed
nutritional substances like ___ ___ and ___ are ___ and completely ____
amino acids
glucose
filtered
reabsorbed
acids and bases are filtered and ___
secreted
why are solutes filtered then reabsorbed?
rapid removal of waste products
high GFR - coontrol volume and composition of body fluids
