Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T3 - GIGU unit 2 > urinary system - structure and function > Flashcards

urinary system - structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function:

- excretion of metabolic waste products like… 4

A

urea
creatinine
bilirubin
hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

kidney function

- excretion of foreign chemicals like/// 4

A

dugs
toxins
pesticides
food additives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kidney function

  • secretion, metabolism and excretion of hormones
    like. ..3
A

renal erythropoetic factor
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (vit D)
renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

kidney function

- regulation of ___-___ balace

A

acid base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

kidney function

- ____: glucose synthesis from amino acids

A

gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

kidney function

- control of ____ pressure

A

Arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

kidney function

- regulation of ___ and ___ excretion

A

water

electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urea is created from ___ metabolism

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

uric acid comes from ___ ___ metabolism

A

nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

creatinine comes from ___ metabolism

A

muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bilirubin comes from ___ metabolism

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal erythropoietic factor
AKA ____
stimulates ___ ___ to produce ___

A

erythropoietin
bone marrow
RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anemia secondary to kidney disease/damage… why?

A

bc erythropoietin stimulates RBC production by bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol binds with ___ to be absorbed in the intestines

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypocalcemia bc not enough 1,25 dihydroxicholecalciferol… why?

A

bone marrow compensates by osteoclastic activity to replenish calcium in the blood for nerve conduction, muscle contraction and clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

renin is secreted by ___ ___

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

angiotensinogen produced by ____

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

angiotensinogen converted to ___ __ by ___

A

angiotensin 1 by renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

angiotensin I is converted to ____ ____ by ___ ___ ___ in the ___

A

angiotensin II
angiotenin converting enzyme
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

angiotensin II is a strong ___

A

vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

angiotensin II acts upon the adrenal cortex to produce

A

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

decrease in O2 delivery in the kidney –> ___ erythropoetin –> ___ erythrocyte production in bone marrow –> ___ O2 delivery in the kidney

A

increase
increase
increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

increase in erythrocyte production will reverse oxygen amount in the kidney after more ___ are produced

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

kidney produces active form of vitamin D

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

kidneys are the only means of excreting ___-___ acids

A

non-volatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____: kidneys synthesize glucose from precursors during prolonged fasting

A

gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

there is a ___ intake of sodium and __ excretion

A

rapid

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when sodium is retained. there is only a ___ increase in extracellular fluid volume

A

slight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

minor calyx recieves the ___

A

papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

major calyx: 2/3 ___ ___ unite

A

minor calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

renal pelvis: ____ ___ unite together

A

major calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> ___ ___ –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

segmental arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> ___ ____ –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

interlobar arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> ___ ___ –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

arcuate arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> ___ ___ –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

interlobular arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> ____ ____ –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> ____ –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> ___ ____ –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> ___ ____ –> interlobular v –> arcuate v

A

peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> ___ ___ –> arcuate v

A

interlobular v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

blood flow through the kidney
renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular arterioles –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular v –> ___ ___

A

arcuate v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

___: functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

each kidney has ____K- __M nephrons

A

800

1

44
Q

5 components to the nephron

A 
glomerulus
bowmans capsule
PCT
loop of henle
DCT
45
Q

nephrons ____ regenerate

A

DONT

46
Q

3 reasons for a decrease in nephron

A

renal injury
disease
aging

47
Q

after age 40, nephron decreases __% per decade

A

10

48
Q

macula densa senses decrease in Na+ levels secretes a substance that stimulates ____ production

A

renin

49
Q

macula densa cells are located early in the ___ tubule

A

distal

50
Q

macula densa monitor amount of ___ in urinary filtrate

A

Na+

51
Q

cortical nephron in the ___

A

cortex

52
Q

juxtamedullary nephron is located on the border of the ___ and ____

A

cortex

medulla

53
Q

paratubular capillaries form hairlike loops = ___ ___

A

Vasa recta

54
Q

juxtamedullary nephone has a ___ GFR than the coritcal because it has more ___ ___

A

higher

surface area

55
Q

cortical nephron has ___ loops of henle

A

short

56
Q

juxamedullary nephrons

  • ___-___% of the nephrons
  • lie deep in the renal ___ near the ___
  • larger ___
  • ___ loops of henle
  • ___ ___
A 
20-30
cortex;medulla
glomeruli
longer
vas recta
57
Q

components of the micturition center (5)

A 
sensory stretch receptors
pelvic nerves
DRG
PS neurons
detrusor muscle
58
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves

  • 2 fibers
  • carry stimulus for ____
A

pre gg PS; GVA

stretch

59
Q

DRG have cell bpdies of ___ fibers

A

GVA

60
Q

PS nerves for micturition center in ___-___

A

S2-S4

61
Q

micturition center is self- ______

A

regenerative

62
Q

SP favors ___ of bladder

A

filling

63
Q

PS favors ____ of bladder

A

emptying

64
Q

SP binds to beta 2 receptors the detrusor muscle becomes _____

A

relaxed

65
Q

SP binds to alpha 1 receptors the internal sphincter becomes _____

A

contracted

66
Q

PS binds to muscarinic receptor the detrusor muscle becomes ___

A

contracted

67
Q

PS binds to muscarinic receptor the internal sphinter becomes ____

A

relaxed

68
Q

brainstem - stong ___ and ___ centers for the micturition center

A

facilitative and inhibitory

69
Q

cerebral cortex - mainly ___ but can become ___ for the micturition center

A

inhibitory

excitatory

70
Q

____ ____ center: collection of cell bdies in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition

A

pontine micturition center (PMC)

71
Q

when the PMC is activated, ___ urethral sphincter and allow for urination

A

relax

72
Q

the PMC coordinates with the other brain centers, including 4

A

medial frontal cortex
insular cortex
hypothalamus
periaqueductal gray

73
Q

____ ___: acts as a relay station for ascending bladder info from the spinal cord and incoming signals from higher brain area

A

periaqueductal gray

74
Q

atonic bladder also called ___ bladder

A

tabetic

75
Q

atonic bladder:

- constrictive fibrosis of ___ root

A

dorsal

76
Q

atonic bladder

- prevents stretch stimulus to get to ____

A

parasympathetics

77
Q

atonic bladder

- overflow incontinence –> ___ slowly

A

drips

78
Q

automatic bladder

- damage is ____

A

suprasacral

79
Q

automatic bladder

- injury to lumbar region- cut off ___ influence from higher centers

A

inhibitory

80
Q

automatic bladder

  • can train with a catheter
  • be able to urine on own except for its ___
A

unannounced

81
Q

uninhibited neurogenic bladder

  • ___ bladder
  • lose ___ influence from higher centers
A

overactive

inhibitory

82
Q

uninhibited neurogenic bladder
- facilitated influence from brainstem –> ___ center –> very ___ micturition center –> small amount of urine leads to ____ to go

A

sacal
excitable
NEED to go

83
Q

____ - muscular tubular organ carrying urine from kidneys to the bladder

A

ureters

84
Q

2 layers of SM

A

longitudinal - inside

circular - outside

85
Q

ureters are about ___-___ cm long

A

25-35

86
Q

3 nerve supply to ureters

A

PS
SP
intramural

87
Q

____ reflux: reflex from bladder to ureters; ureters enter at an angle to the renal pyramids - this squeezes the entrance point

A

vesicoureteral

88
Q

____ reflex: nerve reflex; ureter is pain sensitive; kidney stone blocking; pain triggers SP

A

ureterorenal

89
Q

___: going from glomerular capillaries –> bowman’s capsule

A

filtration

90
Q

____: bowmans capsule –> peritubular capillaries

A

reabsorption

91
Q

___: peritubular capillaries –> bowman’s capsule

A

secretion

92
Q

___: bowman’s capsule –> out

A

excretion

93
Q

filtration: somewhat variable; not selective (except for ___), averages __% of renal plasma flow

A

protein

20

94
Q

reabsorption: highly variable and selective; most ___ and ___ are almost completely reabsorption; most waste products are poorly reabsorbed

A

electrolytes

nutritional

95
Q

secretion: highly variable; important for rapidly excreting ___ products, ____ substance, and ____

A

waste
foreign
toxins

96
Q

___ and ___ ___ are filtered and COMPLETELY reabsorbed

A

glucose

amino acids

97
Q

___ ___: the amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount of substance leaving the organ, assuming that the substance is neither synthesized or degraded by the organ

A

fick principle

98
Q

water is almost ____ reabsorbed

A

entirely

99
Q

sodium is ___ reabsorbed

A

mostly

100
Q

glucose is ____ reabsorbed

A

completely

101
Q

creatinine is ____ reabsorbed

A

completely

102
Q

creatinine can be used to measure glomerular filtration but ___ is better

A

inulin

103
Q

waste products like ___ and ___ are ___ only

A

urea
creatinine
filtered

104
Q

electrolytes like ___ and ___ are ____ and partially ____

A

sodiium
chloride
filtered
reabsorbed

105
Q

nutritional substances like ___ ___ and ___ are ___ and completely ____

A

amino acids
glucose
filtered
reabsorbed

106
Q

acids and bases are filtered and ___

A

secreted

107
Q

why are solutes filtered then reabsorbed?

A

rapid removal of waste products

high GFR - coontrol volume and composition of body fluids

T3 - GIGU unit 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions