Fluid Electrolyte Balance I Flashcards
electrolytes have chemocal bonds that allow disassociation into ions –> critical in ___ ___
fluid balance
fluid and electrolyte balance implies ___
homeostasis
water content of the human body ranges from __% to __% of its total weight
50-70
extracellular fluid is split into 2 compartments
interstitial fluid
plasma
interstitial fluid is separated by the ___ wall
capillary
intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid is separated by the ___ membrane
cell
intracellular fluid accounts for ___% of body weight
40
extracellular fluid accounts for __% of body weight
20
extracellular fluid compartment consists mainly of __ and ____ ___
plasma
interstitial fluid
lymph, CSF and specialized joint fluids are considered ___
extracellular
functions of extracellular fluid compartment
- provide a ___ environment
- __ substances to and from the cells
constant
transport
functions of intracellular fluid
- facilitate intracellular ___ reactions to maintain life
chemical
intracellular fluid
- ___ body fluid compartment
largest
blood contains a slightly ___ total of ions than interstitial fluids
larger
interstitial fluid has hardly any ___ ___
protein anions
IC osmolarity is ___ to EC osmolarity at steady state
equal
NaCl and NaHCO3 and large sugars are assumed to be confined to ____ _____ compartment
extracellular fluid
isosmotic volume contraction
- ___ ECF volume
- ICF ___ __
- osmolarity ___ ___
- ____ Hematocrit
- ___ plasma protein
decrease
no change
no change
increase increase
hyperosmotic volume contraction
- ___ ECF volume
- ___ ICF
- ____ osmolarity
- Hematocrit __ ___
- ___ plasma protein
decrease decrease increase no change increase
hyposmotic volume contraction
- ___ ECF volume
- ___ ICF
- ___ osmolarity
- ____ Hematocrit
- ___ plasma protein
decrease increase decrease increase increase
isosmotic volume expansion \_\_\_ ECF volume - ICF \_\_\_ \_\_ - osmolarity \_\_\_ \_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_ Hematocrit - \_\_\_ plasma protein
increase no change no change decrease decrease
hyperosmotic expansion
- ___ ECF volume
- ___ ICF
- ___ osmolarity
- ____ Hematocrit
- ___ plasma protein
increase decrease increase decrease decrease
hyposmotic volume expansion
- ___ ECF volume
- ___ ICF
- ___ osmolarity
- Hematocrit ___ ___
- ___ plasma protein
increase increase decrease no change decrease
water enters the body via the __ __
digestive tract
water is added to the total fluid volume from each cell as it ___ food, and the resulting water enters the ___
catabolizes
bloodstream
water leaves the body via 4 exits
kidney
lungs
skin
intestines
cardinal principle of fluid balance:
- fluid balance can be maintained only if intake ___ output
EQUALS
under normal conditions, homeostasis of total volume of water is maintained or restored primarily by adjusting __ __ and secondarily by __ __
urine volume
fluid intake
regulation of fluid intake
- dehydration begins to develop
- salivary secretion ___
- sensation of ___
- ___ fluid intake to offset ___ output tends to restore fluid balance
decreases
thirst
increased
increased
regulation of urine volume
- ___ remains fairly the same
- tubular reabsorption ___
- adjusts urine volume to ___ __
- influences amount of __ and ___
GFR fluctuates fluid intake ADH aldosterone
factors that alter fluid loss
- rate of ___ and volume of ___ secreted
- vomiting/diarrhea
- intestinal drainage can produce ___ and __ imbalance
respiration
sweat
fluid/electrolyte
the rate and direction of fluid exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid are determined by the ___ and ___ pressures
hydrostatic
colloid
increased extracellular osmolarity stimulates ___ release, which __ H2O reabsorption, and stimulates ____
ADH
increases
thirst
dilute urine
- ___ ADH release
- ___ water permeability in distal and collecting tubules
decreased
reduced
dilute urine
- ____ reabsorption
- ____ water reabsorption
electrolyte
decrease
urine osmolarity and specific gravity influenced by:
- ___ and ___ in urin
- ____
- ____ media
glucose; protein
antibiotics
radicontrast
concentrated urine
- continue ____ reabsorption
- ___ water reabsorption
electrolyte
increase
concentrated urine
- ____ ADH release which ___ water permeability in distal and collecting tubules
- ___ osmolarity of renal medulla
- ___ flow of tubular fluid
increased; increased
high
countercurrent
obligatory urine volume
- the ___ urine volume in which the excreted solute can be dissolved and excreted
minimum
____ osmotic gradient: the gradient of osmolarity in the interstitial fluid of the kidney from the cortex to the papilla
corticopapillary
osmolarity of cortex is approximately ___ mOsm/L
300 - less concentrated and gets more concentrated toward the papilla
at the tip of the papilla, the osmolarity can be as high as ___ mOsm/L
1200 - more solutes like urea and sodium
corticopapillary osmotic gradient
- active transport of ___, ___ and ___ from the ___ ___ loop of hence into the ___ interstitium
Na+, Cl-, K+
thick ascending
medullary
corticopapilary osmotic gradient
- active transport of ions from the ___ collecting ducts into the ___
medullary
interstitium
corticopapillary osmotic gradient
- passive diffusion of ____ from medullary ____ ducts into the interstitium
urea
collecting
corticopapillary osmotic gradient
- diffusion of only small amounts of __ into medullary interstitium
water
countercurrent multiplication
reabsorption of water and electrolytes until cortical v medullary get to 300 and 1200
