Fluid Electrolyte Balance II Flashcards
regulation of sodium balance (4)
sympathetic nerve activity
atriopeptin
starling forces in peritubular capillaries
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
when sodium rises, \_\_\_ sympathetic nerve activity \_\_\_ atriopeptin (ANP) \_\_\_ starling forces in peritubular capillaries \_\_\_ renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
decrease
increase
decrease
decrease
increase sympathetic nerve activity _____ afferent arterioles
constricts
decrease in ANP ___ efferent arterioles
dilates
increase in peritubular capillary pressure and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone ____ Na+ reabsorption
increases
effects of severe hyperkalemia
- partial ____ of cell membranes
- cardiac ____
depolarization
toxicity
cardiac toxicity = ventricular ___ or ___
fibrillation
asystole
effects of severe hypokalemia
- ____ of cell membranes
- ___ and muscle ____
- ___ventilation
- delayed ventricular ____
hyperpolarization
fatigue; weakness
hypo-
repolarization
4 causes of hypokalemia
insulin
aldosterone
beta-adrenergic
alkalosis
4 causes of hyperkalemia
cell lysis
strenuous exercise
beta-blockade
acidosis
excretion = ___ - ____ + ___
filration - reabsorption + secretion
percentages of potassium reabsorbed in each part of the nephrone
- __% in proximal tubule
- __% in ascending loop of henle
- __% in distal tubule and collecting ducts
- __% EXCRETED
65
27
4
12
late distal tubule and collecting ducts potassium is reabsorbed by the ___ cell and secreted by the ___ cell
intercalated
principle
principle cells
- extracellular K+ concentration ____
- aldosterone: ___ K+ secretion
- sodium (volume) delivery: ___ K+ secretion
- acidosis: ____ K+ secretion
- alkalosis: ___ K+ secretion
increases increases increases decreases increases
increase K+ intake –> ___ plasma K+ concentration –> ___ K+ secretion cortical collecting tubules OR ___ aldosterone –> ___ K+ exretion –> ___ of plasma K+ concentration
increase increase increase increase decrease
diuretics that decrease proximal or decrease loop Na+ reabsorption –> ___ K+ reabsorption –> K+ ____
decrease
depletion
increase Na+ intake –>
- ___ aldosterone
- ___ GFR
- ____ proximal tubular Na+ reabsorption
decrease
increase
decrease
acidosis ___ cell K+
decreases
alkalosis –> ___ K+ in cells –> ___ K+ secretion –> ___ K+ excretion –> K+ _____
increase
increase
increase
depletion
5 causes of hyperkalemia
- ___ failure
- ___ distal nephrone flow
- ___ aldosterone or ___ effect of aldosterone
- metabolic ____
- ____
renal decrease decrease; decrease acidosis diabetes
decreased aldosterone due to
- ____ insufficiency
- K+ ___ diuretics
adrenal
sparing
6 causes of hypokalemia
- very ___ intake of K+
- GI loss of K+ due to ___
- metabolic ____
- excess ___
- ___ tubular flow
- ___ aldosterone
low diarrhea alkalosis increase excess
____ hormone acts upon the distal tubule to increase Ca++ intake
parathyroid
