Fluid Electrolyte Balance II

Question 1

regulation of sodium balance (4)

Answer 1

sympathetic nerve activity
atriopeptin
starling forces in peritubular capillaries
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 2

when sodium rises,
\_\_\_ sympathetic nerve activity
\_\_\_ atriopeptin (ANP)
\_\_\_ starling forces in peritubular capillaries
\_\_\_ renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 2

decrease
increase
decrease
decrease

Question 3

increase sympathetic nerve activity _____ afferent arterioles

Answer 3

constricts

Question 4

decrease in ANP ___ efferent arterioles

Answer 4

dilates

Question 5

increase in peritubular capillary pressure and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone ____ Na+ reabsorption

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

effects of severe hyperkalemia

• partial ____ of cell membranes
• cardiac ____

Answer 6

depolarization

toxicity

Question 7

cardiac toxicity = ventricular ___ or ___

Answer 7

fibrillation

asystole

Question 8

effects of severe hypokalemia

• ____ of cell membranes
• ___ and muscle ____
• ___ventilation
• delayed ventricular ____

Answer 8

hyperpolarization
fatigue; weakness
hypo-
repolarization

Question 9

4 causes of hypokalemia

Answer 9

insulin
aldosterone
beta-adrenergic
alkalosis

Question 10

4 causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 10

cell lysis
strenuous exercise
beta-blockade
acidosis

Question 11

excretion = ___ - ____ + ___

Answer 11

filration - reabsorption + secretion

Question 12

percentages of potassium reabsorbed in each part of the nephrone

• __% in proximal tubule
• __% in ascending loop of henle
• __% in distal tubule and collecting ducts
• __% EXCRETED

Answer 12

65
27
4
12

Question 13

late distal tubule and collecting ducts potassium is reabsorbed by the ___ cell and secreted by the ___ cell

Answer 13

intercalated

principle

Question 14

principle cells

• extracellular K+ concentration ____
• aldosterone: ___ K+ secretion
• sodium (volume) delivery: ___ K+ secretion
• acidosis: ____ K+ secretion
• alkalosis: ___ K+ secretion

Answer 14

increases
increases
increases
decreases
increases

Question 15

increase K+ intake –> ___ plasma K+ concentration –> ___ K+ secretion cortical collecting tubules OR ___ aldosterone –> ___ K+ exretion –> ___ of plasma K+ concentration

Answer 15

increase
increase
increase
increase
decrease

Question 16

diuretics that decrease proximal or decrease loop Na+ reabsorption –> ___ K+ reabsorption –> K+ ____

Answer 16

decrease

depletion

Question 17

increase Na+ intake –>

• ___ aldosterone
• ___ GFR
• ____ proximal tubular Na+ reabsorption

Answer 17

decrease
increase
decrease

Question 18

acidosis ___ cell K+

Answer 18

decreases

Question 19

alkalosis –> ___ K+ in cells –> ___ K+ secretion –> ___ K+ excretion –> K+ _____

Answer 19

increase
increase
increase
depletion

Question 20

5 causes of hyperkalemia

• ___ failure
• ___ distal nephrone flow
• ___ aldosterone or ___ effect of aldosterone
• metabolic ____
• ____

Answer 20

renal
decrease
decrease; decrease
acidosis
diabetes

Question 21

decreased aldosterone due to

• ____ insufficiency
• K+ ___ diuretics

Answer 21

adrenal

sparing

Question 22

6 causes of hypokalemia

• very ___ intake of K+
• GI loss of K+ due to ___
• metabolic ____
• excess ___
• ___ tubular flow
• ___ aldosterone

Answer 22

low
diarrhea
alkalosis
increase
excess

Question 23

____ hormone acts upon the distal tubule to increase Ca++ intake

Answer 23

parathyroid