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T3 - GIGU unit 2 > Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

acid-base balance is one of the most important of the body’s ____ mechanisms

A

homeostatic

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2
Q

acid-base balance refers to regulation of ___ ion concentration in the body

A

hydrogen

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3
Q

precise regulation of pH at the ___ level is necessary for survival

A

cellular

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4
Q

slight pH changes have dramatic effects on ____ metabolism

A

cellular

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5
Q

acid base balance is achieved by utilization of ___ buffers in the extracellular and intracellular fluids

A

chemical

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6
Q

acid base balance is achieved by ___ mechanisms that excrete ___

A

respiratory

CO2

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7
Q

acid base balance is achieved by ____ mechanisms that reabsorb ___ and secrete ___ ions

A

renal
bicarbonate
hydrogen

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8
Q

normal range of arterial pH is ___-___

A

7.37 - 7.42

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9
Q

acid production in the body (2)

A

CO2

fixed acid

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10
Q

CO2 is the end product of ___ metabolism; ____ acid

A

aerobic

volatile

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11
Q

CO2 is a volatile acid because it is the end product of the catabolism of ____ ___

A

carbonic acid

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12
Q

carbonic acid breaks into ___ and __

A

CO2 and water

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13
Q

fixed acid is a ___ acid

A

non-volatile

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14
Q

4 examples of fixed acids

A

phosphate
phosphoric acid
sulfuric acid
lactate acid

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15
Q

___ are substances that prevent marked change in pH of solution when an acid or base is added to it

A

buffers

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16
Q

buffers consist of ___ acid and basic ___ of that acid

A

weak

salt

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17
Q

buffer pairs present in body fluids - 4 acids and 2 salts

A
  • carbonic acid
  • proteins
  • hemoglobin
  • acid phosphate
  • sodium
  • potassium
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18
Q

nonvolatile acids buffered mainly by ____ ___

A

sodium bicarbonate

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19
Q

volatile acids buffered mainly by ___ ___ of ___ and ___

A

potassium salts
hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

the chloride shift makes it possible for carbonic acid to be buffered in ___ and then carried as ___ in the plasma

A

RBC

bicarbonate

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21
Q

bases are buffered mainly by ___ ___

A

carbonic acid

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22
Q

___-___ equation is a mathematical formula that explains the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids and the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch

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23
Q

strong acid/base dissociates to a __ acid/base to prevent marked change pH

  • ex HCl + NaHCO3 –> HHCO3 + NaCl
  • ex NaOH + HHCO3 –> NaHCO3 + HOH
A

weak

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24
Q

mechanism of Hydrogen ion regulation

- body fluid chemical buffers (4)

A

bicarbonate
proteins
ammonia
phosphate

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25
Q

mechanism of Hydrogen ion regulation

  • lungs
    • increase H+ concentration –> ___ ventilation –> increase CO2 ____
A

increase

loss

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26
Q

mechanism of Hydrogen ion regulation

  • kidneys
    • secretes ___
    • reabsorbs ____
    • generates new ___
A

H+
bicarbonate
bicarbonate

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27
Q

hydrogen regulation by body fluid chemical buffers occurs ___ but ___

A

rapidly

temporary

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28
Q

hydrogen regulation by the lungs is ___ and eliminates ___

A

rapid

CO2

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29
Q

hydrogen regulation by the kidney is ___, ___ and eliminates ___ ___

A

slow
powerful
non-volatile acids

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30
Q

___ is the most important extracellular fluid buffer

A

bicarbonate

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31
Q

___ and ___ are the important renal tubular buffers

A

phosphate

ammonia

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32
Q

___ are important intracellular buffers

A

proteins

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33
Q

__-__% of buffering is int he cells

A

60-70

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34
Q

effectiveness of buffer system depends on

  • ___ of reactants
  • ___ of system and ___ of body fluids
A

concentration

pK; pH

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35
Q

increase [H+] –> ___ alveolar ventilation –> ___ pCO2 –> ____ [H+]

A

increase
decrease
decrease

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36
Q

urinary mechanism

  • reabsorption of ___
  • excretion of fixed H+ produced from __ and __ catabolism
A

HCO3-

protein; phospholipid

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37
Q

bicarbonate in the lumen is broken down and brought into the cell as its end products

  • ___ is exchanged with Na+ into the lumen
  • bicarbonate is broken down and ___ and ___ diffuses into the cell
A

H+
CO2
H20

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38
Q

filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed into the blood by:

  • ___ with Na+
  • ___ with Cl-
A

symporter

antiporter

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39
Q

bicarbonate is broken down to CO2 and H20 by ___ ___

A

carbonic anhydrase

40
Q

excess HCO3- ____ the reabsorptive capacity

A

exceeds

41
Q

ECF volume expansion ___ HCO3- reabsorption

A

inhibits

42
Q

ECF volume contraction ___ HCO3- reabsorption

A

stimulates

43
Q

ECF volume uses the ___ ___ mechanism

A

angiotensin II

44
Q

increase in pCO2 –> ___ in HCO3- reabsorption

A

increase

45
Q

increase glutamine metabolism –> NH3 + H+ –> NH4 –> excreted to the lumen from the ___ cell –> HCO3- is __

A

intercalated
reabsorbed

H+ is excreted as NH4

46
Q

acidosis ___ glutamine metabolism

A

increase

47
Q

hyperkalemia ___ NH3 synthesis, causing type 4 renal tubular acidosis

A

inhibits

48
Q

hypokalemia ___ NH3 synthesis

A

stimulates

49
Q

acidosis ___ ammonia synthesis

A

stimulates

50
Q 
tritratable acid (H2PO4)
= HPO4- + H+ from \_\_\_ acid catabolism
A

carbonic

51
Q

metabolisc acid base disorders

- primary disorders involving ___

A

HCO3-

52
Q

respiratory acid base disorders

- primary disorders involving ___

A

CO2

53
Q

___ ____ ___: a measurement useful in diagnosis of acid-base disorders; based on electronegativity

A

plasma anion gap

54
Q

normal range of plasma anion gap

A

8-16mEq/L

55
Q

main cation = ___

A

Na+

56
Q

main anion is ___

A

Cl-

57
Q

anion gap is hard to ___

A

measure

58
Q

plasma anion gap is useful primarily in the differential diagnosis of ___ diagnosis

A

metabolic

59
Q

if HCO3- is replaced by unmeasured anions, the calculated anion gap is ___

A

increased

60
Q

if HCO3- is replaced by Cl-, the calculated anion gap is ___

A

normal

61
Q

plasma anion cap = ___ - ___ - ____

A

[Na+] - [HCO3-] - [Cl-]

62
Q

in body fluids

- total cations ___ total anions

A

equals

63
Q

metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap due to 6 things

A 
diabetic ketoacidosis
lactic acidosis
salicylate poisoning
methanol poisoning
ethylene glycol poisoning
chronic renal failure
64
Q

metabolic acidosis with increased anion gapdue to the accumulation of ____ and ___ acids

A

non-volatile

organic

65
Q

metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap due to 2 things

A

diarrhea

renal tubular acidosis

66
Q

metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap there is ___ ___ anion accumulation

A

no organic

67
Q

increase in HCO3 due to acidosis leads to

  • slight ___ of tritratable acid
  • ___ NH4 excretion
  • ___ HCO3 excretion
A

increase
increase
decrease

68
Q

loss of HCO3 due to alkalosis leads to a

  • ___ of tritratable acid
  • ___ NH4 excretion
  • ___ HCO3 excretion
A

decrease
decrease
increase

69
Q

HCO3 excretion can ___ markedly in ___

A

alkalosis

70
Q

acidosis :

  • pH ___ 7.4
  • metabolic: ___ HCO3-
  • respiratory: ___ pCO2
A

<
decrease
increase

71
Q

alkalosis:
- pH ___ 7.4
- metabolic: ___ HCO3-
- respiratory: ___ pCO2

A

> increase
decrease

72
Q

acidosis:

  • ___ H+ excretion
  • ___ HCO3- reabsorption
  • production of new ____
A

increased
increased
HCO3-

73
Q

alkalosis:

  • ___ H+ excretion
  • ___ HCO3- reabsorption
  • loss of ___ in urine
A

decreased
decreased
HCO3-

74
Q

respiratory acidosis

  • ___ pH
  • ___ pCO2
  • ___ HCO3-
A

decrease
increase
increase

75
Q

respiratory acidosis
- Increased pCO2 –> ___ H+ secretion –> ___ HCO3- reabsorption –> ___ tubular H+ –> ___ H+ buffers and __ new HCO3 –> ___ pH

A 
increase
complete
excess
increase
increase
increase
76
Q

metabolic acidosis

  • ___ pH
  • ___ pCO2
  • ___ HCO3-
A

decrease
decrease
decrease

77
Q

metabolic acidosis
- decreased HCO3- –> ___ H+ filtration –> ___ HCO3- reabsorption –> ___ tubular H+ –> ___ H+ buffers and __ new HCO3 –> ___ pH

A 
decreased
complete
excess
increase
increase
increase
78
Q

respiratory alkalosis

  • ___ pH
  • ___ pCO2
  • ___ HCO3-
A

increase
decrease
decrease

79
Q

respiratory alkalosis
- decreased pCO2 –> ___ H+ secretion –> ___ HCO3- reabsorption –> ___ tubular HCO3- –> ___ HCO3- excretion and __ H+ excretion –> ___ pH

A 
decrease
decrease
excess
increase
decrease
decrease
80
Q

metabolic alkalosis

  • ___ pH
  • ___ pCO2
  • ___ HCO3-
A

increase
increase
increase

81
Q

metabolic alkalosis
- increased HCO3- –> ___ HCO3- filtration –> ___ tubular HCO3- –> ___ HCO3- reabsorption –> __ HCO3- excretion and __ H+ excretion –> ___ pH

A 
increase
excess
decrease
increase
decrease
decrease
82
Q

compensation for metabolic acidosis

  • ___ ventilation
  • ___ renal HCO3 production
A

increase

increase

83
Q

compensation for respiratory acidosis

  • ___ ventilation
  • ___ renal HCO3 production
A

NO

increase

84
Q

compensation for metabolic alkalosis

  • ___ ventilation
  • ___ renal HCO3 production
A

decrease

increase

85
Q

compensation for respiratory alkalosis

  • ___ ventilation
  • ___ renal HCO3 production
A

NO

increase

86
Q

primary distrubance for metabolic acidosis

A

decrease HCO3-

87
Q

compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

decrease pCO2 by increase ventilation

88
Q

primary disturbance for metabolic alkalosis

A

increase HCO3-

89
Q

compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A

increase pCO2 by decrease ventilation

90
Q

primary disturbance for respiratory acidosis

A

increase pCO2

91
Q

compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

increase HCO3-

92
Q

primary disturbance for respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease pCO2

93
Q

compensation for respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease HCO3-

94
Q

respiratory acidosis caused by 4 things

A

brain damage
pneumonia
emphysema
other lung disorders

95
Q

metabolic acidosis caused by 4 things

A

increased base intake
vomiting gastric acid
mineralocorticoid excess
overuse of diuretics

96
Q

increase aldosterone –> ___ tubular K+ secretion –> K+ ___ –> ___ H+ secretion –> ___ HCO3 reabsorption and __ new HCO3 production –> ___ ___

A 
increase
depletion
increase
increase
increase
metabolic alkalosis
97
Q

respiratory alkalosis due to 2 things

A

high altitude

psychic

T3 - GIGU unit 2 (7 decks)

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