reabsorption secretion II Flashcards
glomerulotubular balance
- total rate of reabsorption increases as the filtered load ___, even though the total % of GFR reabsorbed remains relatively constant at about __%
increases
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glomerulotubular balance
- increase GFR –> ___ tubular reabsorption
increase
glomerulotubular balance minimizes changes in urine ___
volume
increase in Kf (filtration coefficient) –> ___ reabsorption
increase
increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
decrease
increase in capillary osmotic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
increase
increase in arterial pressure –> ____ capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
increase
decrease
increase in afferent resistance –> ___ capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
decrease
increase
increase in efferent resistance –> ___ capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
decrease
increase
increase plasma protein –> ___ arterial osmotic pressure –> ___ peritubular capillary pressure
increase
increase
increase filtration factor –> ___ peritubular capillary pressure
increase
decrease in afferent resistance –> ___ capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
increase
decrease
decrease in afferent resistance –> ___ capillary hydrostatic pressure –> ___ reabsorption
increase
decrease
actions of aldosterone on late distal, cortical, and medullary collecting tubules
- ___ Na+ reabsorption by ___ cells
- ___ K+ secretion by ___ cells
- ___ H+ secretion by ___ cells
increase; principal
increase; principal
increase; intercalated
aldosterone actions on principal cells
- activates ___ ____ ___
- opens ___ channel
sodium/potassium pump
Na+
aldosterone binds with ___ ___ in the principal cells
cytoplasmic receptor
aldosterone is a ___ hormone
steroid
excess aldosterone –> ___ syndrome
Conn’s
4 signs of Conn’s syndrome
- Na+ ____
- hypo____
- alklosis
- hyper____
Na+ retentin
hypokalemia
alkalosis
hypertension
Na+ retention
- ___ H20 absorption
- __ BV
increase
increase
hypokalemia
- ___ K+ secretion
- get rid of K+ in __
increase
urine
alkalosis
- ___ H+ secretion
- ___ urine
increase
acidic
aldosterone deficiency –> ___ disease
addison’s
addison’s disease
- Na+ ____
- hyper____
- hypo____
wasting
hyperkalemia
hypotension
3 factors that increase aldosterone secretion
angiotensin II
increased K+
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
2 factors that decrease aldosterone secretion
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
increased Na+ concentration
angiotensin II increases ___ and __ reabsorption
Na+
water
angiotensin II stimulates ___ secretion
aldosterone
angiotensin II ___ efferent arterioles
- ___ peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
- ___ filtration fraction, which ___ peritubular colloid osmotic pressure
constricts
decreases
increases
increases
angiotensin II attaches to ___ receptor and activates…
- Na+ antiporter with __ into the cell
- Na+ symporter with ___ out of the cell
- ___ ___ __
AT1
H+
bicarbonate
sodium potassium pump
increase in ang II –> __ efferent resistance –> ___ peritubular capillary pressure
increase
decrease
increase in efferent resistance –> ___ RBF –> ___ filtration factor and ___ glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
decrease
increase
increase
ang II blockade ___ Na+ reabsorption and blood pressure
decreases
3 ace inhibitors
captopril
benazipril
ramipril
PRILs
3 ang II antagonist
losartan
candesartin
irbesartan
renin inhibitors
- ___ aldosterone
- directly ___ Na+ reabsorption
- ____ efferent arteriolar resistance
decrease
inhibit
decrease
ang II blockade –> __ and ___ and ___ BP
natriuresis
diuresis
decrease
ADH secreted by ___ ___
posterior pituitary
ADH produced in ____
hypothalamus
ADH ___ H2O permeability and reabsorption in __ tubule and ___ tubule
increases
distal tubule
collecting tubule
ADH is an important controller of extracellular fluid ___
osmolarity
arginine vasopressin acts upon smooth muscle for ___
vasocontriction
AVP acts upon ___ receptor which activates ___ ___
V2
adenosine cyclase
aquaporine 2 are water channels to come closer to luminal membrane = ___ of water
endocytosis
increase extracellular osmolarity detected by ___ in the ___
osmoreceptors
hypothalamus
increase extracellular osmolarity
- ___ ADH secretion
- ___ tubular H2O permeability
- __ H2O reabsorption
- ___ H2O secretion
increase
increase
increase
decrease
excess ADH
- __ plasma osmolarity
- hypo___
decrease
hyponatremia
hyponatremia
- ___ H2O
- ___ concentration of Na+
- ___ solutes
retain
decrease
dilute
2 types of diabetes insipidus
central
nephrogenic
central diabetes insipidus
- __ plasma osmolarity
- hyper____
- excess ___
increase
natremia
thirst
cause of central diabetes inspidus
hypothalamus cannot produce enough ADH
cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
normal amount of ADH but kidneys are unresponsive
atrial natriuretic peptide ___ Na+ excretion
increases
atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by ___ ___ in response to stretch to ___ BV
cardiac atria
increase
atrial natriuretic peptide ___ Na+ reabsorption
inhibits
atrial natriuretic peptide ___ renin release and ____ formation
inhibits
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide ___ GFR
increases
atrial natriuretic peptide
by the increase in GFR –> helps minimize blood volume ___
expansion
Increase in GFR –> ___ delivery of Na+ and tubular flow –> ___ Na+ reabsorption in proximal tubule –> ____ Na+ detected by macula dense in distal tubule –> ___ renin
increase
decrease
increase
decrease
parathyroid hormone __ renal Ca++ reabsorption
increases
parathyroid hormone released by ___ in response to decreased extracellular Ca++
parathyroids
PTH
- ___ Ca++ reabsorption by kidneys
- ___ Ca++ reabsorption by gut
- ___ phosphate reabsorption
- helps to ___ extracellular Ca++
increase
increase
decrease
increase
parathyroid hormone __ renal Ca++ reabsorption
increases
parathyroid hormone released by ___ in response to decreased extracellular Ca++
parathyroids
PTH
- ___ Ca++ reabsorption by kidneys
- ___ Ca++ reabsorption by gut
- ___ phosphate reabsorption
- helps to ___ extracellular Ca++
increase
increase
decrease
increase
increase PTH to increase ____ activity –> ca++ release from bones
osteoclastic
sympathetic NS ____ Na+ reabsorption
increases
sympathetic NS
- directly ___ Na+ reabsorption
- ___ renin release
- ___ GFR and RBF
stimulates
stimulates
decreases
increased arterial pressure ___ Na+ reabsorption
decreases
increased arterial pressure ____ peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
increases
increased peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure ___ reabsorption
prevents
increased arterial pressure ___ renin and aldosterone
decreases
___ __: unreabsorbed glucose in tubules causes diuresis and water loss
diabetes mellitus
water is reabsorbed only by ___
osmosis
increasing the amount of unreabsorbed solutes in the tubules ___ water reabsorption
deceases
___ __: unreabsorbed glucose in tubules causes diuresis and water loss
diabetes mellitus
___ syndrome: primary aldosterone excess
Conn’s
___ ___ ___: excess aldosterone secretion due to abnormal control of aldosterone synthase by ACTH
glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
renin secreting tumor: excess ___ ___ formation
ang II
inappropriate ADH syndrome: ___ ADH
excess
renin secreting tumor
- ____ Na+ reabsorption
- Na+ excretion ____ ____
- ___ K+ secretion
- K+ excretion ___ ___
- __ plasma K+
- ___ BP
- ___ plasma renin
increase no change increase no change decrease increase increase
inappropriate ADH syndrome
- ___ water reabsorption
- water excretion ___ ___
- ___ plasma Na+
increase
no change
decrease
renin secreting hormone: ____ ang II and __ aldosterone
increased
increased
renin secreting tumor
- ____ Na+ reabsorption
- Na+ excretion ____ ____
- ___ K+ secretion
- K+ excretion ___ ___
- __ plasma K+
- ___ BP
- ___ plasma renin
increase no change increase no change decrease increase increase
inappropriate ADH syndrome
- ___ water reabsorption
- water excretion ___ ___
- ___ plasma Na+
increase
no change
decrease
Liddle’s syndrome
- ____ Na+ reabsorption
- Na+ excretion ____ ____
- ___ BP
- ___ plasma renin
- ___ aldosterone
increase no change increase decrease decrease
Bartter’s syndrome:
- ___ Na+, Ca++, HCO3- reabsorption
- ___ activity of Na-K-2 Cl transporter in loop of henle
decreased
decreased
Gitleman’s syndrome
- ___ NaCl reabsorption
- ___tension
- ___ activity of NaCl co-transporter in distal tubule
decreased
hypo
decreased
treatment of Bartter’s syndrome
- ___ NaCl
- ___ intakes
- ___ blockers
high
K+
prostaglandins
treatment of gitleman’s
- ___ NaCl
- ___ intakes
- ___ supplements
high
k+
mg++
fanconi syndrome
- generalized ____ in reabsorption often in proximal tubule
- causes (5)
decrease
genetics; heavy metal damage; drugs; multiple myeloma; tubular necrosis
renal tubular acidosis
- __ H+ secretion
- ___ HCO3- excretion
- causes (2)
decreased
increase
genetic, renal injury
tubular ____: the movement of substances out of the blood and into the tubular fluid
secretion
descending limb of the loop of henle seretes ___ through diffusion
urea
distal and collecting tubules secrete ___, ___ and ___ ions
potassium
hydrogen
ammonium
tubular secretion important for dispsing of substances not already in the ___
filtrate
secretion to rid the body of excess __
K+
secretion to control blood ___
pH
aldosterone-
- hormones that target cells of the distal and collecting tubule cells causing increased activity of the __-__ pump
Na-K
secretion of hydrogen ions ___ with increased blood hydrogen ion concentration
increases
urine compsition
- approximately __% water
95
urine compsition
- nitrogenous wastes - from ____ metabolism
- 4 examples
protein urea uric acid ammonia creatinine
urine compsition
- electrolytes (7)
Na K NH4 CL HCO3 PO4 SO4
urine compsition
- pigments: ___
urochromes
urine compsition
- high hormone levels may spill into the ___
filtrate
urine compsition
- abnormal constituents (5))
blood glucose albumin casts calculi