glomerular filtration Flashcards
GFR
- ___ml/min
- ___ L/day
125
180
plasma volume is filtered __ times per day
60
glomerular filtrate composition is about the same as ___, except for the absence of large ___
plasma
large proteins
filtration factor = ___/____ ___ ____
GFR/ renal plasma flow
filtration factor = ___ or ___%
.2
20%
3 parts to the capillary filtration barrier
capillary endothelium
basement membrane
epithelium of glomerular capsule
capillary filtration barrier is ____ and repels ____
electronegative
proteins
mesangial cells: when contracted
- ___ surface area for filtration
decrease
mesangial cells: when relaxed
- ___ surface area for filtration
increase
polycationic dextran
- ___ charge
positive
polyanionic dextran
- ___ charged
negatively
____: presence of protein in the urine
proteinuria
early detection of renal disease in at risk patients (4)
hypertension
diabetes
pregnancy
annual check up
____: urine excretion of >30 but <150 mg albumin per day
microalbuminemia
3 causes of microalbuminuria
early diabetes
hypertension
glomerular hyperfiltration
prognostic value: diabetic patients with microalbuminuria are ___-___ fold more likely to develop persistent proteinuria
10-20
filtration occurs due to a ___ gradient
pressure
glomerular capillary filtration occurs rapidly due to the increased number of ___
fenestrations
glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration are directly related to ___ ___
blood pressure
increase afferent arteriole resistance –> __ GFR
decreased
increase in efferent arteriole reistance –> ___ GFR
increase
GFR = ___ml/min
125
net filtration pressure = ___mmHg
10
filtration coefficient (Kf) = \_\_\_ml/min per mmHg OR \_\_\_\_ml/min per mmHg/100 gm
- 5
4. 2
Kf (filtration coefficient) = ___ ___ x ___ ___
hydraulic conductivity
surface area
Kf cannot be measure directly but can be estimated by dividing ___ by ___
GFR
NFR
3 diseases that can reduce Kf and GFR
chronic hypertension
obesity/diabetes mellitus
glomerulonephritis
bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure (Pb) normally changes as a ___ of GFR
function
2 tubular obstructions that effect Pb (bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure)
kidneys stones
tubular necrosis
urinary tract obstruction that effects Pb
prostate hypertrophy/cancer
GFR =
glomerular filtration rate
Kf=
filtration coefficient
Pg =
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Pc=
capsular hydrostatic pressure
πg =
glomerular oncotic pressure
πc =
capsular oncotic pressure
___: osmotic pressure caused by protein
oncotic
why is the capsular oncotic pressure practically 0?
NO PROTEINS
increase arterial plasma oncotic pressure –> ___ glomerular capillary oncotic pressure –> ____ GFR
increase
decrease
increase the filtration factor (FF) –> ____ glomerular capillary oncotic pressure
INCREASE
filtration factor = ___/___ ___ ___
GFR
renal plasma flow
filtration is favored at the ___ end of the glomerulus
afferent
reabsorption is favored on the ___ end of the glomerulus
efferent
___ ___ pressure is the determinant of GFR most subject to physiologic control
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
3 factors that influence glomerular hydrostatic pressure
arterial pressure
afferent arteriolar resistance
efferent arteriolar resistance
increase in afferent arteriolar resistance –> ___ GFR and ___ renal blood flow
decrease
decrease
increase in efferent arteriolar resistance –> ___ GFR and ___ renal blood flow
increase
decrease
increase the filtration coefficient –> ___ GFR
increase
increase hydrostatic pressure of bowmans capsule –> ___ GFR
decrease
increase glomerular oncotic pressure –> ___ GFR
decrease
increase arterial oncotic pressure –> ___ glomerular oncotic pressure –> ___ GFR
increase
decrease
increase filtration factor –> ___ glomerular oncotic pressure –> ___ GFR
increase
Decrease
increase glomerular hydrostatic pressure –> ___ GFR
increase
increase afferent arteriolar resistance –> ____ glomerular hydrostatic pressure –> ___ GFR
decrease
decrease
increase efferent arteriolar resistance –> ___ glomerular hydrostatic pressure –> ___ GFR
increase
increase
Renal Blood Flow (RBF) = ____ _____ / ____
(difference in) pressure / resistance
difference in pressure is the difference between renal ___ pressure and renal ___ pressure
artery
vein
high blood flow is needed for ___ GFR
high
oxygen and nutrients delivered to kidney normally greatly exceeds their ___ needs
metabolic
a large fraction of renal oxygen consumption is related to renal tubular ___ reabsorption
sodium
control of renal blood flow and GFR through ___ or ___
neurohormonal
local
SP/catecholamines - greatly increase resistance of \_\_\_\_ arterioles - increase resistance in \_\_\_\_ arterioles LEADS TO - \_\_\_ GFR - greatly \_\_\_\_ RBF
afferent
efferent
decrease
decrease
low levels of angiotensin II - \_\_\_ efferent arteriolar resistance LEADS TO - \_\_\_\_ GFR - \_\_ RBF
increase
increase
decrease
high levels of angiotensin II - \_\_\_ efferent arteriolar resistance LEADS TO - \_\_\_\_ GFR - \_\_ RBF
increase
decrease
decrease
NSAIDS
- anit-_____
- activates ___ ___
prostaglandins
renal failure
prostaglandins - greatly \_\_\_ afferent arteriole resistance - \_\_\_ efferent arteriolar resistance LEADS TO - \_\_\_ GFR - greatly \_\_\_ RBFs
decrease
Decrease
increase
increase
prostaglandins counteract ____
catecholamines
blockade of prostaglandin synthesis –> ___ GFR
decrease
endothelial derived nitric oxide - greatly \_\_\_ afferent arteriolar resistance - \_\_\_ efferent arteriolar resistance LEADS TO - \_\_ GFR - greatly \_\_\_ RBF
decrease
decrease
increase
increase
endothelial derived Nitric oxide protects against excessive ____
vasoconstriction
endothelin - greatly \_\_\_ afferent arteriolar resistance - \_\_\_ efferent arteriolar resistance LEADS TO - \_\_\_ GFR - greatly \_\_\_ RBF
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
hepatorenal syndrome - decreased renal function in cirrhosis because of the replacement of liver cells by ___
tissues
renal sodium avidity –> ___
ascites
renal vasoconstriction –> ___ ___
hepatorenal syndrome
myogenic mechanism
- increase arterial pressure –> ___ stretch of blood vessel –> ___ cell calcium entry –> ___ intracellular calcium –> ___ vascular resistance –> ___ blood flow and GFR –> stimulates ___ arterial pressure ect
increase increase increase increase stimulates inhibits
macula densa feedback
- decreased GFR –> ___ distal NaCl delivery –> ___ macula densa NaCl reabsorption –> ___ afferent arteriolar resistance –> ___ GFR
decrease
decrease
decrease
increase
macula densa feedback
- increase proximal NaCl reabsorption –> ___ distal Nacl delivery –> ___ macula densa NaCl reabsorption –> ___ afferent arteriolar —> ___ GFR
decrease
decrease
decrease
increase
angiotensin II
- decrease GFR –> ___ macula densa NaCl –> ___ renin –> ___ angII –> ___ blood pressure OR ___ efferent arteriolar resistance –> __ GFR
decrease increase increase increase increase increase
fever and pyrogens ___ GFR
increase
glucorticoids ___ GFR
increase
aging ___ GFR by 10%/decade
decreases
hyperglycemia ___ GFR
increase
dietary proteins
- high proteins ___ GFR
- low proteins ___ GFR
increase
decrease
___: rate at which substances are removed from the plasma
clearance
___ ___: volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance per minute by the kidneys
renal clearance
glucose and albumin are completely ___
reabsorbed
___ is the best way to measure GFR
inulin