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anatomy > Urinary System Part 3 > Flashcards

Urinary System Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of countercurrent mechanisms?

A
  1. Countercurrent multiplier (des and asc)

2. Countercurrent exchanger (vasa recta)

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2
Q

What do the countercurrent mechanisms do?

A

establish and maintain medullary osmotic gradient from renal cortex through medulla

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3
Q

Gradient runs from _____ in cortex to _____ bottom of medulla

A

300 mOsm

1200 mOsm

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4
Q

Osmolarity is equal to

A

the concentration of a particular solute in a solution

solvent is water

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5
Q

vasa recta role in osmotic gradient

A

perserve the gradient

countercurrent exchangers

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6
Q

long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons role in osmotic gradient

A

they create the gradient

countercurrent multipliers

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7
Q

collecting ducts role in osmotic pressure

A

use gradient to adjust urine osmolarity

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8
Q

The descending limb is permeable to ____ but not to ___

A

Water, salt

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9
Q

The ascending limb is_____ to H20, but permeable to_____

A

impermeable, salt

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10
Q

The amount of salt increases then the intersitial fluid osmolarity ____

A

Increases

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11
Q

The countercurrent exchanger perserves medullary gradient by

A
  1. preventing rapid removal of salt from intersitial space

2. removing reabsorbed water

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12
Q

where does the water in ascending vasa recta come from?

A

descending vasa recta or reabosrbed from nephron loop and collecting duct

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13
Q

How is the filtrate reaching the DCT dilute and allows the filtrate to be exerted to form dilute urine?

A

countercurrent mechanism

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14
Q

What releases concentrated urine and causes facultative movement of water?

A

ADH

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15
Q

Chemicals that enhance urinary output

A

ADH inhibitors- alcohol
Na+ and H20 reabsorption inhibitors -Drugs for hypertension and edema, caffeine
loop diuretics that inhibit medullary gradient formation
osmotic diruretics

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16
Q

What are osmotic diuretics?

A

substance not reabsorbed, so water remains in urine

ex. diabetic- high glucose concetrations pulls water from body

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17
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

vol of plasma kidneys can clear of a particular substance in a given time

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18
Q

Renal clearance tests are used to deteremine GFR to…

A

help detect glomerular damage

follow progress of renal disease

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19
Q

Renal clearance rate is calculated as

A

C= UV / P

C = renal clearance rate (ml/min) 
U = concentration (mg/ml) of substance in urine 
V = flow rate of urine formation (ml/min) 
P = concentration of same substance in plasma
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20
Q

What is inulin for ? (plant polysaccharide)

A

freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted by kidneys
its renal clearance = GFR 125ml/min

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21
Q

Why is constant GFR important?

A

allows kidneys to make filtrate and maintain extracellular homeostasis

22
Q

What is the goal of the local instrinsic controls (renal autoregulation)

A

to maintain GFR in kidney

23
Q

what is the goal of extrinsic controls? ( GFR )

A

maintains systemic blood pressure

24
Q

What are the three mechanisms that regulate GFR?

A
  1. autoregulation: myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
  2. hormonal regulation
  3. neural regulation
25
Q

Which mechanisms are instrinsic?

A

autoregulation: myogenic, tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

26
Q

Which mechanisms that are extrinsic?

A

Hormonal and neural regulation

27
Q

What is the chemical compostion of urine?

A

95% water 5% solutes, nitrogenous wastes, acidic Ph 6

28
Q

What are the nitrogenous wastes in urine?

A

urea (amino acid breakdown) , uric acid(nucleic acid metabolism) , creatinine (metabolic of creatine phosphate)

29
Q

Why is urine yellow?

A

from urochrome (pigment from hemoglobin breakdown , yellow deepens with increased concentration)

30
Q

What kind of diet causes a drop or increase in Ph?

A

acidic drops and alkaline increases

31
Q

What is the pathway of urine?

A

collecting duct –> renal papillae –> minor calyx —> major calyx —> renal pelvis—> ureter —-> urinary bladder —> urethra

32
Q

Function of ureters

A

slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder

33
Q

As bladder pressure increases, the distal ends of ureters close, preventing….

A

backflow of urine

34
Q

ureter wall layers

A

Mucosa; transitional epithelium (changes shape based on vol) and lamina propria
Muscularis: Longitudinal and circular layer
Adventitia: fibrous connective tissue

35
Q

What are Renal calculi ?

A

kidney stones in renal pelvis: crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts. block ureters, obstruct urine flow

36
Q

nephrolithisasis

A

calculi in kidneys

37
Q

ureterolithiasis

A

calculi in ureters

38
Q

Urinary bladder function

A

muscular sac that holds urine

39
Q

Where is the urinary bladder located?

A

retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
Females: anterior to vagina and uterus

40
Q

Three layers of bladder wall

A

mucosa
smooth muscle
adventia (fibrous connective tissue)

41
Q

What happens when urinary bladder is empty?

A

Produces rugae and collapeses

42
Q

How much does the bladder hold?

A

Less than 500 ml

43
Q

The internal urethral sphincter

A

involantary (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction and has to contract to open

44
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes through pelvic floor

45
Q

Female urethra: external urethral orfice

A

anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris

46
Q

3 regions of male urethra

A

Prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra, spongy urethra

47
Q

Where does the prostatic urethra pass through?

A

within the prostate gland

48
Q

Where does the intermediate part of the urethra pass through?

A

passes through the urogenital diaphragm from prostate to the beginning of the penis

49
Q

Where does the spongy urethra pass through?

A

passes through penis, opens via external urethral orifice

50
Q

Process of urination

A
  1. Detrusor muscle contract
  2. Internal urethral sphincter relaxes
  3. External urethral sphincter relaxes

anatomy (11 decks)

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