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Urinary System Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of countercurrent mechanisms?

A
  1. Countercurrent multiplier (des and asc)

2. Countercurrent exchanger (vasa recta)

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2
Q

What do the countercurrent mechanisms do?

A

establish and maintain medullary osmotic gradient from renal cortex through medulla

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3
Q

Gradient runs from _____ in cortex to _____ bottom of medulla

A

300 mOsm

1200 mOsm

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4
Q

Osmolarity is equal to

A

the concentration of a particular solute in a solution

solvent is water

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5
Q

vasa recta role in osmotic gradient

A

perserve the gradient

countercurrent exchangers

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6
Q

long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons role in osmotic gradient

A

they create the gradient

countercurrent multipliers

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7
Q

collecting ducts role in osmotic pressure

A

use gradient to adjust urine osmolarity

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8
Q

The descending limb is permeable to ____ but not to ___

A

Water, salt

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9
Q

The ascending limb is_____ to H20, but permeable to_____

A

impermeable, salt

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10
Q

The amount of salt increases then the intersitial fluid osmolarity ____

A

Increases

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11
Q

The countercurrent exchanger perserves medullary gradient by

A
  1. preventing rapid removal of salt from intersitial space

2. removing reabsorbed water

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12
Q

where does the water in ascending vasa recta come from?

A

descending vasa recta or reabosrbed from nephron loop and collecting duct

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13
Q

How is the filtrate reaching the DCT dilute and allows the filtrate to be exerted to form dilute urine?

A

countercurrent mechanism

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14
Q

What releases concentrated urine and causes facultative movement of water?

A

ADH

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15
Q

Chemicals that enhance urinary output

A

ADH inhibitors- alcohol
Na+ and H20 reabsorption inhibitors -Drugs for hypertension and edema, caffeine
loop diuretics that inhibit medullary gradient formation
osmotic diruretics

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16
Q

What are osmotic diuretics?

A

substance not reabsorbed, so water remains in urine

ex. diabetic- high glucose concetrations pulls water from body

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17
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

vol of plasma kidneys can clear of a particular substance in a given time

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18
Q

Renal clearance tests are used to deteremine GFR to…

A

help detect glomerular damage

follow progress of renal disease

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19
Q

Renal clearance rate is calculated as

A

C= UV / P

C = renal clearance rate (ml/min) 
U = concentration (mg/ml) of substance in urine 
V = flow rate of urine formation (ml/min) 
P = concentration of same substance in plasma
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20
Q

What is inulin for ? (plant polysaccharide)

A

freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted by kidneys
its renal clearance = GFR 125ml/min

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21
Q

Why is constant GFR important?

A

allows kidneys to make filtrate and maintain extracellular homeostasis

22
Q

What is the goal of the local instrinsic controls (renal autoregulation)

A

to maintain GFR in kidney

23
Q

what is the goal of extrinsic controls? ( GFR )

A

maintains systemic blood pressure

24
Q

What are the three mechanisms that regulate GFR?

A
  1. autoregulation: myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
  2. hormonal regulation
  3. neural regulation
25
Which mechanisms are instrinsic?
autoregulation: myogenic, tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
26
Which mechanisms that are extrinsic?
Hormonal and neural regulation
27
What is the chemical compostion of urine?
95% water 5% solutes, nitrogenous wastes, acidic Ph 6
28
What are the nitrogenous wastes in urine?
urea (amino acid breakdown) , uric acid(nucleic acid metabolism) , creatinine (metabolic of creatine phosphate)
29
Why is urine yellow?
from urochrome (pigment from hemoglobin breakdown , yellow deepens with increased concentration)
30
What kind of diet causes a drop or increase in Ph?
acidic drops and alkaline increases
31
What is the pathway of urine?
collecting duct --> renal papillae --> minor calyx ---> major calyx ---> renal pelvis---> ureter ----> urinary bladder ---> urethra
32
Function of ureters
slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
33
As bladder pressure increases, the distal ends of ureters close, preventing....
backflow of urine
34
ureter wall layers
Mucosa; transitional epithelium (changes shape based on vol) and lamina propria Muscularis: Longitudinal and circular layer Adventitia: fibrous connective tissue
35
What are Renal calculi ?
kidney stones in renal pelvis: crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts. block ureters, obstruct urine flow
36
nephrolithisasis
calculi in kidneys
37
ureterolithiasis
calculi in ureters
38
Urinary bladder function
muscular sac that holds urine
39
Where is the urinary bladder located?
retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck Females: anterior to vagina and uterus
40
Three layers of bladder wall
mucosa smooth muscle adventia (fibrous connective tissue)
41
What happens when urinary bladder is empty?
Produces rugae and collapeses
42
How much does the bladder hold?
Less than 500 ml
43
The internal urethral sphincter
involantary (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction and has to contract to open
44
External urethral sphincter
voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes through pelvic floor
45
Female urethra: external urethral orfice
anterior to vaginal opening, posterior to clitoris
46
3 regions of male urethra
Prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra, spongy urethra
47
Where does the prostatic urethra pass through?
within the prostate gland
48
Where does the intermediate part of the urethra pass through?
passes through the urogenital diaphragm from prostate to the beginning of the penis
49
Where does the spongy urethra pass through?
passes through penis, opens via external urethral orifice
50
Process of urination
1. Detrusor muscle contract 2. Internal urethral sphincter relaxes 3. External urethral sphincter relaxes

anatomy (11 decks)

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