Chapter 24 Nutrition Metabolism and Energy Balance

Question 1

Nutrient

Answer 1

Substance in food needed for growth, maintenance, repair

Question 2

Macronutrient

Answer 2

Major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested food

Question 3

3 Types of Macronutrients

Answer 3

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Question 4

Essential Nutrient

Answer 4

Nutrients that must be eaten because body cannot synthesize these from other nutrients

Example: Fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins

Question 5

Energy Value (Kilocalories)

Answer 5

1 cal = A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 kg H20 by I C

Question 6

Water Soluble Vitamins

Answer 6

Complex B and Vitamin C

Question 7

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 7

Vitamin A D E K

Question 8

Calories per nutrient

Answer 8

Carbohydrates  =  4 cal per gram 
Lipids   =    9 cal per gram 
Proteins  =  4 cal per gram  

494

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

Sum of all biochemical reactions involving nutrients

Anabolism (Build) + catabolism (break) = metabolism

Question 10

3 Stages of Metabolism

Answer 10

1. GI tract
2. Tissue Cells
3. Mitochondria

Question 11

Complex Carbohydrate

Answer 11

Starches (bread, pasta etc) Long chains and Long term energy

Question 12

Simple Carbohydrate

Answer 12

Sugars (candy, fruit etc) eratic blood glucose levels spike and doesnt maintain homeostasis (short term energy)

Question 13

Carbohydrates uses in body

Answer 13

Glucose (fuel) 
Excess glucose (stored fat) 
Fructose and galactose (monosaccharides) converted to glucose by liver before entering circulation 
Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Question 14

Glucose

Answer 14

fuel most used by cells to convert to ATP. Cells use fat for energy. Neurons die quickly without it.

Question 15

Glycolysis

Answer 15

glucose is converted to pyruvic acid

Question 16

Glycogenesis

Answer 16

polymerizes glucose from glycogen

Glycogen —-> Glucose

Question 17

Glycogenolysis

Answer 17

hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

Question 18

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precusors

Question 19

Lipids

Answer 19

from animal sources (meat and dairy products) and plant sources (nuts and seed oils).
3 Types: Linolein Acid (Omega 6), Linolenic (Omega 3) and Cholesterol
Intake: 20 -35% caloric intake

Question 20

Two fatty acids (lipids) that the Liver cannot synthesize

Answer 20

Linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3)

Question 21

Lipids uses in body

Answer 21

• fatty deposits in adipose tissue (body fat) provide: protection, insulation, storage
• phospholipids are an integral component of myelin sheath and cellular membranes
• cholesterol stabilizes membranes and precursor of bile salts, steroid homrones
• prostaglandins for smooth muscle contraction, BP control, inflammation
• major fuel for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

Question 22

3 Types of Lipid Reaction

Answer 22

Beta Oxidation, Lipogenesis, Lipolysis

Question 23

Beta Oxidation

Answer 23

converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA

Question 24

Lipogenesis

Answer 24

froms lipids from acetyle CoA and glyceraldehyd 3 - phosphate

Question 25

Lipolysis

Answer 25

breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 26

Proteins (2 types)

Answer 26

Complete: eggs/milk/meat (animal)
Incomplete: beans, nuts, seeds (plants)

Question 27

Uses for protein

Answer 27

• amino acids needed for protein synthesis, if not all amino acids are present then they are used for energy
• Structural materials (keratin, collagen, muscle proteins)
• Functional molecules (enzymes and hormones)

Question 28

2 Type of Amino Acids Catabolism

Answer 28

Transamination and Oxidative deamination

Question 29

Transamination

Answer 29

Transfers an amine group from amino acid to a-ketoglutaric acid, generating glutamic acid

Question 30

Oxidative Deamination

Answer 30

removes amine group (ammonia) from glutamic acid and regenerates a-ketoglutaric acid

Question 31

Process amino acids into energy

Answer 31

1. Transmination: amino acid -> Keto acid
2. Oxidative Deamination: removed as NH3 + CO2 = urea
3. Keto acid modification: keto acids are altered to enter citric acid cycle

Question 32

Nitrogen balance

Answer 32

Homeostatic state where rate of protein synthesis = rate of breakdown and loss

Question 33

Nitrogen balance

Answer 33

Homeostatic state where rate of protein synthesis = rate of breakdown and loss. (Body doesnt store nitrogen)

Question 34

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Answer 34

Synthesis exceeds breakdown (pregnant women and tissue repair)

Question 35

Negative Nitrogen Balance

Answer 35

Breakdown exceeds synthesis (starvation). Glucose and fat are broken down first

Question 36

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 36

reflects energy body needs to perform its most essential activities at rest

Question 37

What is BMR influenced by ?

Answer 37

age and gender ( decreases with Age and men have Higher BMR)
Body Temp (BMR increases with Temp)
Stress (High stress High BMR)
Thyroxine (increases O2 consumption, cellular respiration and BMR)

Question 38

Energy Balance

Answer 38

Caloric intake = Bmr and muscular activity

Question 39

Positive energy balance (Gain or Loss?)

Answer 39

weight gain, eating more calories than burning

Question 40

Positive energy balance (Gain or Loss?)

Answer 40

weight gain, eating more calories than burning

Question 41

Negative Energy Balance (Loss or gain)

Answer 41

Weight loss

Question 42

BMI formula

Answer 42

determine obesity based on height and weigh

BMI = Weight lbs * 705/Height in

Question 43

What are amino acids formed into?

Answer 43

Proteins

Question 44

What is glucose turned into ?

Answer 44

Glycogen (in fat and muscle) and combined with Co2 H20 and ATP in all tissues

Question 45

What is glycerol and fatty acids turned into?

Answer 45

Triglycerides —-> Fat