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anatomy > Ch 26 acid fluid balance > Flashcards

Ch 26 acid fluid balance Flashcards

1
Q

How much % of body weight is total body water?

A

40 L = 60%

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2
Q

How much % of body weight is extracellular body fluid (plasma and intersitial fluid) ?

A

15L = 20%

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3
Q

How much % of extracellular fluid is total plasma??

A

3L = 20 %

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4
Q

How much % of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

A

12L = 80%

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5
Q

What is the intersistal fluid? (where is it found?)

A

fluid inside tissue (between cells)

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6
Q

What % of body weight is intracellular fluid?

A

25L = 40 %

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7
Q

Nutrients leave blood plasma to interstitial fluid to tissue cells via _____. H20 and H20 ions are exchanged

A

GI tract

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8
Q

Nitrogenous wastes feel interstitial fluid tissue cells to blood plasma to _____.

A

kidneys

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9
Q

Avg intake of bevagrages?

A

1500 ML 60%

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10
Q

avg intake of food

A

750 ml 30%

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11
Q

avg intake of metabolism

A

250 Ml 10%

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12
Q

What is the normal amount of water that is necessary ?

A

2.5 L

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13
Q

Avg output of sweat (sensible perspiration)

A

200 Ml 8%

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14
Q

Avg output of urine

A

1500 mL 60 %

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15
Q

avg output Insensible loss via skin and lungs

A

700 ml 28%

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16
Q

What happens when ECF osmolarity goes up? (reduction in H20)

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect decrease and triggers the hypothalmic thirst center (sensation of thirst, water absorbed from GI tract)

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17
Q

What happens when plasma vol goes down?

A

Blood pressure goes down, renin released, angiotesin goes up, triggers hypothalmic thirst center

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18
Q

ESF omolarity and Na concentration in plasma goes up and triggers the osmoreceptors to stimulate the posterior pituary to release _____.

A

Antidiretic hormone (ADH)

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19
Q

What does ADH target in kidney?

A

collecting ducts, to reabsorb water

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20
Q

When we are hot and excerising (dehyrdration) this causes: (3 steps)

A
  1. Loss of H20 in ECF
  2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
  3. Cells lose H20 to ECF by osmosis (cells shrink)
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21
Q

When hydrated this causes: (3 steps)

A
  1. Excessive H20 enters ECF
  2. ECF pressure falls
  3. H2o moves into cells via osmosis and swell
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22
Q

electrolyte balance refers to ___, ____, ____, and ____ balance

A

salt , acid, bases and proteins

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23
Q

What do salts do?

A

control fluid movements, provide minerals for excitability, secretory activity, and membrane permeability

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24
Q

How do salts enter body and how do they leave?

A

enter via ingestion and metabolism and lost via persipation, feces, urine and vomit

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25
Q

What is a major cation (+) in ECF?

A

Na

26
Q

What is a major anion (-) in ICF?

A

Hydrogen phosphate

potassium

27
Q

What is the importance of Potassium

A

controls the kidney

28
Q

Concentration of Na+ determines

A

osmolarity of ECF and influences excitablity of neurons and muscles

29
Q

The total body content of Na+ determines..

A

ECF volume (Blood pressure)

30
Q

Percent of Na+ reabsorbed in PCT

A

65%

31
Q

percent of Na+ that is reabsorbed in ascending loop of Henele

A

25%

32
Q

Low Na+ levels and High K+ levels causes _____ (hormone) to be released

A

aldesterone (renin) via adrenal cortex

33
Q

High blood pressure causes ANP to target

A

granular cells of kidney
hypothalmus (posterior pituatery)
Adrenal cortex

34
Q

What is the importance of K+ in neurons and muscle cells? (and cardiac muscle)

A

affects resting membrane potential

35
Q

low Ca+ levels causes the PTH release to stimulate…

A

osteoclast activity (ca+ and PO4 release)
Ca+ absorption
Activation of Vit D by kidney

36
Q

What does excess of sodium cause? (hypernatremia)

A

dehydration, thirst

37
Q

What does deficit of sodium cause? (hyponatremia)

A

solute loss, water rentention, mental confusion

38
Q

What does excess of Potassium do? (hyperkalemia)

A

renal failure, no aldosterone, vomitting, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness

39
Q

What does deficit of Potassium do ? (Hypokalemia)

A

GI tract disturbances, starvation, Cushing’s Syndrome

40
Q

What does excess Ca+ do? (hypercalemia)

A

hyperparathyroidism, excessive vit D, kidney stones, cardiac arrest, vomitting, muscle weakness

41
Q

What does deficit of Ca do? (hypocalcemia)

A

hypoparathyrodism, vit D deficiency, renal failure, tingling fingers, tremors, fractures

42
Q

3 mechanisms that regulate the concentration of hydrogen ions

A

1st Line = chemical buffer systems (Rapid)
2nd Line= brain stem respiratory centers (1-3 min)
3rd Line= renal mechanisms (potent, days-weeks)

43
Q

3 chemical buffer systems

A

Biocarbonate, Phosphate, Protein

44
Q

Biocarbonate buffer system

A

mixture of H2Co3 (weak acid) and salts of Hco3- (weak base)

main ecf buffer operates in ICF in cell

45
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

salts of H2PO4- (weak acid) and HPO4 2- (weak base)

important buffer in in urine and ICF

46
Q

Protein buffer system

A

some amino acids (-COOH weak acids) and (-NH2 weak bases)

important buffer in ICF and blood plasma

47
Q

With the protein buffer system if PH rises, then organic acid or carboxyl groups can _______

A

release H+

48
Q

With the protein buffer system if PH falls then NH2 groups _____.

A

can bind H+

49
Q

During CO2 unloading the reaction shifts to the ____. (left or right) and then H+ in ______ into H20

A

Left, incorporated

50
Q

During Co2 loading the reaction shifts to the _____ (left or right) and then the H+ is ____

A

right, buffered by proteins

51
Q

If Pco2 rises (hypercapnia) what does it activate? and causes increased____.

A

medullary chemoreceptors

respiratory rate and depth

52
Q

Rising plasma H+ (acidosis) activates ____ and increases ___

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

respiratory rate and depth

53
Q

Normal ph of atrial blood

A

ph 7.4

54
Q

normal ph of venous blood

A

7.34

55
Q

normal ph of ICF

A

7.0

56
Q

alkalosis / alkalemia atrial ph level?

A

over 7.45

57
Q

acidosis /acidemia ph level

A

under 7.35

58
Q

respiratory acidosis/alkalosis cause

A

by failure or respiratory system to perform Ph balancing role

59
Q

An important indicator of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A

blood Pco2

60
Q

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis causes

A

all abnormalities other than those caused by rising Pco2 levels in blood

61
Q

indication of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A

abnormal HCO3- levels

anatomy (11 decks)

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