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Histology - Exam 3 > Urinary System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • paired kidneys and ureters

- unpaired bladder and urethra

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2
Q

functions of urinary system

A
  • produces and excretes urine
  • regulates electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid
  • blood pressure regulation
  • endocrine fxn
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3
Q

how does the urinary system regulate blood pressure?

A

JG cells synthesize renin - initiates conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

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4
Q

endocrine fxn of urinary system?

A

peritubular capillary endothelial cells and interstitial cells (fibroblasts) in cortex and medulla synthesize erythropoietin

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5
Q

describe capsule of kidney

A

thin CT w/ 2 layers:

  • inner layer of myofibroblasts
  • dense irregular CT
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6
Q

what part of the kidney receives most of the blood supply?

A

cortex - 90%

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7
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron + collecting tubule = uriniferous tubule

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8
Q

how many nephrons in kidney?

A

~2 million

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9
Q

how much of the cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A

20-25%

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10
Q

hilum of kidney

A

concave region where renal pelvis is located - contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves

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11
Q

pelvis of kidney

A

cone-shaped expansion of the upper end of the ureter continuous w/ major renal calyces

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12
Q

contents of renal cortex

A

mostly:
- renal corpuscles
- convoluted tubules (mostly PCT)

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13
Q

renal column

A

extensions of cortical tissue that run b/w adjacent renal pyramids

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14
Q

medullary rays

A

groups of straight tubules that extend from the base of each renal pyramid into the cortex

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15
Q

renal/medullary pyramids

A
  • pyramidal structures that make up most of renal medulla
  • 10-18 renal pyramids/kidney
  • consist primarily of thin limbs of Henle and collecting tubules
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16
Q

renal papilla

A
  • at apex of each renal pyramid
  • perforated tip projects into minor calyx lumen
  • lined by transitional epithelium
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17
Q

what is the perforated tip of the renal papilla called?

A

area cribrosa

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18
Q

renal interstitium

A
  • sparse (extravascular-intertubuler spaces)

- mostly fibroblasts and mononuclear cells

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19
Q

what do fibroblasts near peritubular capillaries produce?

A

erythropoietin

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20
Q

what renal interstitium cells are found along blood vessels supplying loops of Henle?

A

pericytes

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21
Q

what renal interstitium cells are found b/w loops of Henle and collecting ducts and vasa recta

A

interstitial cells

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22
Q

describe interstitial cells

A
  • elongated nuclei with lipid droplets

- may synthesize medullipin I

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23
Q

medullipin I

A

vasodilator converted to medullipin II in the liver

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24
Q

renal lobule

A

area of cortex bounded on either side by an interlobular artery - all nephrons in each lobule drain to same collecting duct

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25
Q

what do nephrons consist of?

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • PCT
  • LOH
  • DCT
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26
Q

two classifications of nephron

A

cortical or juxtamedullary (depends on renal corpuscle location)

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27
Q

cortical nephron

A
  • in outer part of cortex

- short LOH, peritubular capillaries

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28
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

-long LOH that run w/ vasa recta far down into medulla

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29
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons responsible for?

A

establishing the interstitial concentration gradient in the medulla

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30
Q

outer zone of medulla

A
  • outer stripe: thick limbs, collecting ducts

- inner stripe: thick and thin limbs, collecting ducts + hairpin turns of cortical nephrons

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31
Q

inner zone of medulla

A

all thin limbs and collecting ducts

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32
Q

how quickly does all the blood in the body pass through the kidneys?

A

4-5 minutes

33
Q

blood circulation in the kidneys (pathway)

A

renal artery enters in hilum -> interlobar a. b/w renal pyramids -> arcuate a. along the corticomedullary jxn -> interlobular a. that enter cortical tissue and travel b/w medullary rays -> afferent/glomerular arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles

34
Q

what defines the boundaries of a renal lobule?

A

adjacent interlobular arteries

35
Q

how does kidney blood circulation differ from normal circulation?

A

typical: arteriole -> capillary -> venule
kidney: afferent arteriole -> capillaries of glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> capillary network -> venule

36
Q

what do afferent arterioles supply?

A

glomerular capillaries

37
Q

what do efferent arterioles associated with cortical and midcortical nephrons give rise to?

A

extensive peritubular capillary network high in cortex and vasa recta near the corticomedullary jxn

38
Q

describe anastamoses b/w interlobar arteries

A

there are none - blood cannot shunt around an infarct -> focal necrosis

39
Q

what do vasa recta arise from?

A

efferent arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons

40
Q

describe vasa recta

A

long, thin vessels that follow straight path in medulla and renal papilla -> form capillaries -> loop back -> increase in diameter toward the corticomedullary boundary
-closely associated w/ LOH

41
Q

fxn of vasa recta

A
  • supply nutrients and oxygen

- COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE w/ interstitium

42
Q

what do stellate veins drain

A

formed by convergence of superficial cortical veins which drain the outermost cortex layers

43
Q

what do deep cortical veins drain

A

drain the deeper regions in the cortex

44
Q

what do interlobular veins drain

A
  • receive both stellate and deep cortical veins

- join arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein in hilum of kidney

45
Q

what does a renal corpuscle consist of?

A

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

46
Q

bowman’s capsule layers

A
  • parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium on outer wall

- visceral layer: modified simple squamous epithelium of podocytes covering glomerular capillaries

47
Q

what is the space in b/w the visceral and parietal layers of bowman’s capsule?

A

bowman’s space aka urinary space

48
Q

what is the vascular pole of bowman’s capsule?

A

where afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles enter and leave the glomerulus

49
Q

what is the urinary pole of bowman’s capsule?

A

where urinary space becomes continuous w/ PCT lumen

50
Q

what is the renal glomerulus?

A

capillary tuft that extends into bowman’s capsule

51
Q

describe glomerulus endothelium and basal lamina

A

fenestrated endothelium with thick basal lamina shared with podocytes

52
Q

what makes up the interstitial tissue b/w glomerular capillaries on inside of bowman’s capsule?

A

mesangial cells and amorphous extracellular matrix

53
Q

5 functions of mesangial cells

A
  1. mechanical support for capillaries
  2. TURNOVER OF GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE
  3. regulare blood flow (contractile) - decrease filtration SA
  4. source of prostaglandins and endothelins (constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles)
  5. respond to angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide
54
Q

how can mesangial cells contribute to immune response?

A

can proliferate and synthesize matrix material and collagen -> Ig’s and complement can enter mesangial matrix and induce cytokine production by mesangial cells -> triggers immune response

55
Q

what are podocytes?

A

modified epithelial cells - have primary and secondary processes - that form visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

56
Q

pedicels

A

secondary processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries and interdigitate w/ pedicels from other primary processes

57
Q

what is the transmembrane protein in pedicels?

A

podocalyxin - transmembrane sialoglycoprotein that extends into glycocalyx coating

58
Q

function of podocalyxin?

A

contributes to negative charge in glomerular epithelium

59
Q

what does the renal filtration barrier consist of?

A
  • glomerular capillary fenestrated epithelium
  • basal lamina
  • filtration slits w/ diaphragms b/w pedicels
60
Q

filtration slits

A

-nephrin anchored to actin filaments in pedicels

61
Q

what type of protein is nephrin?

A

member of Ig superfamily

62
Q

what anchors nephrin to actin filaments in pedicels?

A

protein CD2AP

63
Q

describe basement membrane of filtration slit

A

negatively charged due to GAGs - repels negatively charged proteins

64
Q

what can and cannot pass from blood into the urinary space?

A
  • can: water, ions, small molecules (< 3.5 nm)

- canNOT: large or negative proteins

65
Q

what is urine?

A

an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma?

66
Q

PCT

A
  • drain bowman’s space at urinary pole
  • lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
  • microvillus brush border
  • pinocytotic vesicles
  • abundant lysosomes (acid phosphatase)
  • many infoldings of plasma membrane near base of cell
67
Q

function of brush border, pinocytotic vesicles, and lysosomes in PCT

A

uptake and breakdown of peptides to aa’s

68
Q

fxn of PCT (3)

A
  • reabsorb all glucose, aa’s, small proteins, 80% of NaCL and water from filtrate
  • secrete organic acids (creatinine) and bases, some foreign substances
  • exchanges H+ ions in the interstitium for HCO3- in the filtrate
69
Q

what establishes the osmotic gradient for water absorption in PCT?

A

transport of NaCl and glucose

70
Q

describe osmolarity changes in ultrafiltrate in PCT

A

no change

71
Q

describe descending thick limb of LOH

A
  • proximal tubule straight portion (pars recta)
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • less lysosomes
  • smaller mitochondria
  • prominent brush border similar to PCT
72
Q

what is absorbed in descending thick limb?

A

water (NaCl NOT absorbed)

73
Q

describe thin limb of LOH in JM nephrons vs. cortical nephrons

A

JM: descending segment, loop, ascending segment
cortical: may only have a thin descending segment

74
Q

lining of thin limb of LOH

A

simple squamous epithelium - cells bulge into lumen

75
Q

describe permeability of descending thin limb

A

permeable to water - ultrafiltrate will equilibrate w/ renal interstitium

76
Q

describe permeability of ascending thin limb

A

impermeable to water - Na-K ATPase pump reabsorbs NaCl

77
Q

fxn of diuretics (ex: furosamide)

A

inhibit reabsorption of NaCl -> increase excretion of NaCl and water

78
Q

describe ascending thick limb of LOH

A
  • straight portion of distal tubule
  • cuboidal epithelial cells w/ apical nucleus
  • mitochondria comparmentalized w/i basal plasma membrane infoldings
  • returns to renal corpuscle of origin
79
Q

what is different about the area of the ascending thick limb near the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

becomes modified to form the macula densa - part of juxtaglomerular apparatus

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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