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Histology - Exam 3 > Female Reproductive System - Part 2 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phases and days of menstrual cycle

A
  • menstrual phase (day 1-4)
  • proliferative/follicular phase (day 4-14)
  • secretory phase (day 15-28)
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2
Q

menstrual phase

A

-hemorrhagic discharge (menses) enters uterus lumen from endometrium

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3
Q

what triggers menstrual phase?

A

spasms of contraction and relaxation by coiled arteries (due to low progesterone and estrogen levels)

  • prolonged arterial vasoconstriction -> schemia
  • sudden/intermittent vasodilation -> ruptures artery walls, floods stroma w/ blood, and detaches epithelium and any necrotic tissue
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4
Q

why is basal layer of endometrium not sloughed off?

A

does not become necrotic - supplied by short straight vessels that do not undergo prolonged vasoconstriction

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5
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • follows menstrual phase
  • entire functional layer renewed
  • glands, CT, and coiled arteries repaired
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6
Q

how is epithelium renewed during proliferative phase?

A

by mitotic activity of cells in uterine glands of basal layer

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7
Q

lining of uterine glands

A

simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

changes to stromal cells during proliferative phase

A
  • divide
  • accumulate glycogen
  • enlarge
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9
Q

changes to glands during proliferative phase

A
  • become coiled
  • lumens contain a secretory glycoprotein material
  • cells accumulate large amounts of glycogen (basal)
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10
Q

changes to coiled arteries during proliferative phase

A
  • become more coiled

- lengthen and extend into superficial parts of functional layer

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11
Q

does the cervix participate in menstruation?

A

no, but the secretions change during menstrual cycle stages

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12
Q

changes to cervical secretions during menstrual cycle

A
  • proliferative phase: estrogen promotes water mucus secretion (allow passage of sperm into uterus)
  • after ovulation: mucous more viscous (prevent spread of bacteria from vagina)
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13
Q

what substance that inhibits sperm capacitation is removed by cervix?

A

seminal plasma

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14
Q

cervix wall composition

A
  • mainly dense collagenous CT
  • many elastic fibers
  • some smooth muscle cells
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15
Q

epithelium of cervix

A 
simple columnar (mucus-secreting) 
-except inferior portion (continuous w/ vaginal lining) covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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16
Q

secretions of branched cervical glands

A

serous fluid near the ovulation time - facilitates spermatozoa entry into uterine lumen

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17
Q

secretions of cervical glands during pregnancy

A

secretion is thick and viscous - hinders spermatozoa and microbe entry into uterus

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18
Q

changes to cervix before parturition

A

-dilates and softens due to lysis of collagen in response to hormone relaxin

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19
Q

vagina

A

fibromuscular tube composed of 3 layers:

  • inner mucosa
  • middle muscularis
  • external adventitia

-circumscribed by skeletal muscle at external orifice

20
Q

epithelium of vaginal mucosa

A
  • stratified squamous nonkeratinized
  • contains glycogen used by vaginal bacteria to make lactic acid to lower pH during follicular phase and inhibit pathogen invasion
21
Q

lamina propria of vagina

A
  • composed of fibroelastic CT
  • highly vascular in deeper portion
  • LACKS GLANDS (all secretions from cervix)
22
Q

muscularis of vagina

A
  • irregularly arranged smooth muscle layers (thin inner circular layer + thick outer longitudinal layer)
  • interspersed elastic fibers
23
Q

adventitia of vagina

A
  • fibroelastic CT
  • fixes vagina to surrounding structures
  • contains glands of external genitalia
24
Q

composition of mammary glands

A
  • about 2 dozen compound tubuloalveolar glands

- each has its own lactiferous sinus and duct that opens at nipple apex

25
how are mammary glands different in male vs. female before puberty?
they aren't
26
what happens to female mammary glands during puberty?
- develop lobules and terminal ductules due to hormonal changes - increase in adipose tissue in stroma
27
resting mammary glands: who has them, composition, what is the lowest layer, function of basal lamina
- characteristic of adult, non-pregnant females - composed ot lactiferous sinuses and ducts lined primarily by stratified cuboidal epithelium - lowest layer consists of myoepithelial cells - basal lamina separating epithelial components from underlying stroma
28
active/lactating mammary glands
- alveoli develop | - occurs only during pregnancy as terminal ductules proliferate
29
alveolar cells
- cuboidal secretory cells lining mammary gland alveoli | - contain lipid droplets and vesicles containing milk proteins (caseins) and lactose
30
what are alveolar cells surrounded by?
an incomplete myoepithelial cell layer
31
2 mechanisms of alveolar cell secretion
- lipids released by apocrine secretion | - proteins released by merocrine secretion (exocytosis)
32
composition and function of nipple
- dense collagenous CT interlaced w/ smooth muscle fibers - contains lactiferous duct openings - acts as a sphincter
33
papanicolaou (pap) smear
epithelial cells scraped from cervix (or vagina) lining and examined for cancer
34
carcinoma of cervix - where does it originate?
from stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial cells
35
can carcinoma of cervix be cured?
occurs at relatively high rates, but can be cured by surgery if discovered early before it becomes invasive
36
types of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cells
CIN I: mild dysplasia CIN II: evidence of in situ carcinoma CIN III: high nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio w/ little cytoplasm
37
endometriosis
uterine endometrial tissue exists in pelvic peritoneal cavity - as endometrium is shed, bleeding occurs in peritoneal cavity causing severe pain and formation of cysts and adhesions -may lead to sterility since ovaries and oviducts become deformed
38
leiomyoma
fibroid tumors - benign smooth muscle tumors | -occur frequently in uterus
39
what is the most common neoplasm in women?
leiomyoma
40
ectopic/tubal pregnancy
implantation of early embryo in the oviduct wall or other abnormal site
41
what can ectopic pregnancy result in?
- lamina propria forming decidual cells and undergoing changes that would normally occur in endometrium - hemorrhaging into peritoneal cavity - shock - can be fatal w/o immediate medical intervention
42
breast cancer origin
either: - ductal epithelial lining ( ductal carcinoma) - terminal ductules (lobular carcinoma)
43
where can metastasized breast cancer cells spread?
metastasize via lymphatics to axillary nodes -> bloodstream -> lungs, bone, and brain
44
Paget's disease of breast (nipple)
-eczema like rash that is a form of cancer
45
what is a marker for Paget's cells both mammary and extra-mammary?
cytokeratin 7

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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