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Histology - Exam 3 > Female Reproductive System - Part 2 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phases and days of menstrual cycle

A
  • menstrual phase (day 1-4)
  • proliferative/follicular phase (day 4-14)
  • secretory phase (day 15-28)
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2
Q

menstrual phase

A

-hemorrhagic discharge (menses) enters uterus lumen from endometrium

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3
Q

what triggers menstrual phase?

A

spasms of contraction and relaxation by coiled arteries (due to low progesterone and estrogen levels)

  • prolonged arterial vasoconstriction -> schemia
  • sudden/intermittent vasodilation -> ruptures artery walls, floods stroma w/ blood, and detaches epithelium and any necrotic tissue
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4
Q

why is basal layer of endometrium not sloughed off?

A

does not become necrotic - supplied by short straight vessels that do not undergo prolonged vasoconstriction

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5
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • follows menstrual phase
  • entire functional layer renewed
  • glands, CT, and coiled arteries repaired
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6
Q

how is epithelium renewed during proliferative phase?

A

by mitotic activity of cells in uterine glands of basal layer

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7
Q

lining of uterine glands

A

simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

changes to stromal cells during proliferative phase

A
  • divide
  • accumulate glycogen
  • enlarge
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9
Q

changes to glands during proliferative phase

A
  • become coiled
  • lumens contain a secretory glycoprotein material
  • cells accumulate large amounts of glycogen (basal)
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10
Q

changes to coiled arteries during proliferative phase

A
  • become more coiled

- lengthen and extend into superficial parts of functional layer

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11
Q

does the cervix participate in menstruation?

A

no, but the secretions change during menstrual cycle stages

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12
Q

changes to cervical secretions during menstrual cycle

A
  • proliferative phase: estrogen promotes water mucus secretion (allow passage of sperm into uterus)
  • after ovulation: mucous more viscous (prevent spread of bacteria from vagina)
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13
Q

what substance that inhibits sperm capacitation is removed by cervix?

A

seminal plasma

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14
Q

cervix wall composition

A
  • mainly dense collagenous CT
  • many elastic fibers
  • some smooth muscle cells
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15
Q

epithelium of cervix

A 
simple columnar (mucus-secreting) 
-except inferior portion (continuous w/ vaginal lining) covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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16
Q

secretions of branched cervical glands

A

serous fluid near the ovulation time - facilitates spermatozoa entry into uterine lumen

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17
Q

secretions of cervical glands during pregnancy

A

secretion is thick and viscous - hinders spermatozoa and microbe entry into uterus

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18
Q

changes to cervix before parturition

A

-dilates and softens due to lysis of collagen in response to hormone relaxin

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19
Q

vagina

A

fibromuscular tube composed of 3 layers:

  • inner mucosa
  • middle muscularis
  • external adventitia

-circumscribed by skeletal muscle at external orifice

20
Q

epithelium of vaginal mucosa

A
  • stratified squamous nonkeratinized
  • contains glycogen used by vaginal bacteria to make lactic acid to lower pH during follicular phase and inhibit pathogen invasion
21
Q

lamina propria of vagina

A
  • composed of fibroelastic CT
  • highly vascular in deeper portion
  • LACKS GLANDS (all secretions from cervix)
22
Q

muscularis of vagina

A
  • irregularly arranged smooth muscle layers (thin inner circular layer + thick outer longitudinal layer)
  • interspersed elastic fibers
23
Q

adventitia of vagina

A
  • fibroelastic CT
  • fixes vagina to surrounding structures
  • contains glands of external genitalia
24
Q

composition of mammary glands

A
  • about 2 dozen compound tubuloalveolar glands

- each has its own lactiferous sinus and duct that opens at nipple apex

25
Q

how are mammary glands different in male vs. female before puberty?

A

they aren’t

26
Q

what happens to female mammary glands during puberty?

A
  • develop lobules and terminal ductules due to hormonal changes
  • increase in adipose tissue in stroma
27
Q

resting mammary glands: who has them, composition, what is the lowest layer, function of basal lamina

A
  • characteristic of adult, non-pregnant females
  • composed ot lactiferous sinuses and ducts lined primarily by stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • lowest layer consists of myoepithelial cells
  • basal lamina separating epithelial components from underlying stroma
28
Q

active/lactating mammary glands

A
  • alveoli develop

- occurs only during pregnancy as terminal ductules proliferate

29
Q

alveolar cells

A
  • cuboidal secretory cells lining mammary gland alveoli

- contain lipid droplets and vesicles containing milk proteins (caseins) and lactose

30
Q

what are alveolar cells surrounded by?

A

an incomplete myoepithelial cell layer

31
Q

2 mechanisms of alveolar cell secretion

A
  • lipids released by apocrine secretion

- proteins released by merocrine secretion (exocytosis)

32
Q

composition and function of nipple

A
  • dense collagenous CT interlaced w/ smooth muscle fibers
  • contains lactiferous duct openings
  • acts as a sphincter
33
Q

papanicolaou (pap) smear

A

epithelial cells scraped from cervix (or vagina) lining and examined for cancer

34
Q

carcinoma of cervix - where does it originate?

A

from stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelial cells

35
Q

can carcinoma of cervix be cured?

A

occurs at relatively high rates, but can be cured by surgery if discovered early before it becomes invasive

36
Q

types of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cells

A

CIN I: mild dysplasia
CIN II: evidence of in situ carcinoma
CIN III: high nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio w/ little cytoplasm

37
Q

endometriosis

A

uterine endometrial tissue exists in pelvic peritoneal cavity - as endometrium is shed, bleeding occurs in peritoneal cavity causing severe pain and formation of cysts and adhesions
-may lead to sterility since ovaries and oviducts become deformed

38
Q

leiomyoma

A

fibroid tumors - benign smooth muscle tumors

-occur frequently in uterus

39
Q

what is the most common neoplasm in women?

A

leiomyoma

40
Q

ectopic/tubal pregnancy

A

implantation of early embryo in the oviduct wall or other abnormal site

41
Q

what can ectopic pregnancy result in?

A
  • lamina propria forming decidual cells and undergoing changes that would normally occur in endometrium
  • hemorrhaging into peritoneal cavity
  • shock - can be fatal w/o immediate medical intervention
42
Q

breast cancer origin

A

either:
- ductal epithelial lining ( ductal carcinoma)
- terminal ductules (lobular carcinoma)

43
Q

where can metastasized breast cancer cells spread?

A

metastasize via lymphatics to axillary nodes -> bloodstream -> lungs, bone, and brain

44
Q

Paget’s disease of breast (nipple)

A

-eczema like rash that is a form of cancer

45
Q

what is a marker for Paget’s cells both mammary and extra-mammary?

A

cytokeratin 7

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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