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Histology - Exam 3 > Male Reproductive System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of male reproductive system

A
  • testes
  • epididymis + genital ducts
  • accessory reproductive glands (prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles)
  • penis
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2
Q

development of testes

A

develop in the abdominal cavity and descend into scrotum - suspended by spermatic cords

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3
Q

function of testes

A
  • site of spermatogenesis

- testosterone production

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4
Q

describe blood supply and heat exchange mechanism of testes

A

testicular artery surrounded by venous pampiniform plexus -exchange b/w cool venous blood and warm arterial blood
-keeps testes cool

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5
Q

purpose of keeping testes cool

A

needed for sperm production

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6
Q

what is tunica vaginalis

A

serous sac derived from peritoneum - partially covers anterior and lateral surfaces

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7
Q

what is tunica albuginea

A

thick, fibrous CT capsule

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8
Q

what is tunica vasculosa

A

lies deep to tunica albuginea - highly vascular layer of loose CT

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9
Q

what is mediastinum testis

A

posterior thickening of tunica albuginea that forms incomplete CT septa
-divide organ into testicular lobules (~250)

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10
Q

describe testicular lobules

A

pyramidal shaped compartments separated by incomplete septa w/ 1-4 seminiferous tubules each

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11
Q

what are the tubules of testicular lobules embedded in?

A

highly vascular loose CT with:

  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
  • interstitial cells of Leydig
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12
Q

size and frequency of seminiferous tubules

A

30-70 cm long (150-250 um diameter)

1000 tubules/ 2 testes = 0.5 km for sperm production

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13
Q

describe seminiferous tubules

A

convoluted hollow tubules in testicular lobules that narrow into short, straight segments (tubuli recti) that connect w/ rete testis

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14
Q

describe walls of seminiferous tubules

A
  • thin CT (tunica propria)

- lined w/ seminiferous/germinal epithelium

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15
Q

seminiferous/germinal epithelium

A
  • 4 to 8 cell layers
  • spermatogenic cells
  • Sertoli cells
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16
Q

what do spermatogenic cells differentiate into?

A

germ cells and Sertoli cells

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17
Q

describe Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

round/polygonal acidophilic cells in interstitial areas b/w seminiferous tubules

  • large central nucleus
  • abundant sER
  • lipid droplets (cholesterol esters)
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18
Q

what may the cytoplasm of Leydig cells contain?

A

Reinke crystals (rod-shaped) - found in Leydig cell tumors

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19
Q

function of Leydig cells

A

endocrine cells - produce, secrete testosterone

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20
Q

what stimulates secretion of testosterone?

A

luteinizing hormone from pituitary gland

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21
Q

when do Leydig cells begin to secrete testosterone?

A

when they mature during puberty

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22
Q

describe Sertoli cells

A
  • tall columnar cells
  • pale, OVAL, indented nucleus
  • large nucleolus
  • lots of sER and rER
  • many mitochondria
  • many lysosomes
  • extensive Golgi
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23
Q

do Sertoli cells replicate?

A

no

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24
Q

what receptors do Sertoli cells have on their plasma membranes?

A

receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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25
Q

7 functions of Sertoli cells

A
  1. tight jxns w/ other Sertoli cells - division of tubules into basal/adluminal compartments; blood-testis barrier
  2. support, protect, nourish spermatogenic cells
  3. phagocytose excess spermatid cytoplasm
  4. fructose-rich fluid production - transports spermatozoa through tubules to genital ducts
  5. ABP production/secretion under FSH influence
  6. inhibin production/secretion
  7. testicular transferrin production/secretion
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26
Q

function of ABP

A

androgen-binding protein

-concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubule lumen

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27
Q

function of inhibin

A

inhibits synthesis and release of FSH by anterior pituitary

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28
Q

function of testicular transferrin

A

accepts Fe from serum transferrin - transfers to maturing gametes

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29
Q

function of blood-testis barrier

A

protects developing sperm cells from autoimmune reactions

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30
Q

describe connections of daughter cells during spermatogenesis

A

connected to each other by intercellular bridges - form a syncytium

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31
Q

what is the syncytium responsible for?

A

the synchronous development of germ cells in the seminiferous tubule

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32
Q

3 phases of spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatogonial (spermatogenesis)
  • spermatocyte (meiosis)
  • spermatid (spermiogenesis)
33
Q

describe spermatogonia

A

diploid (2N, 46 chromosomes) - germ cells next to seminiferous epithelium basal lamina

34
Q

pale type A spermatogonia (Ap)

A
  • pale staining nucleus
  • MITOTICALLY ACTIVE
  • give rise to more Ap cells or type B spermatogonia
35
Q

dark type A spermatogonia (Ad)

A
  • MITOTICALLY INACTIVE (in G0 phase)
  • dark oval nuclei (very basophilic)
  • can resume mitosis and produce Ap cells
36
Q

which type of spermatogonia are radiation/chemo resistant?

A

Ad cells - in G0 phase

37
Q

type B spermatogonia

A
  • mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes
  • large clumps of chromatin along nuclear envelope
  • central nucleolus
38
Q

what happens to primary spermatocytes as soon as they are formed?

A
  • duplicate chromosomes (two sets of 2n DNA)

- migrate to adluminal compartment

39
Q

what forms while the primary spermatocyte is migrating to the adluminal compartment and why?

A

form zonula occludens w/ Sertoli cells to maintain blood-testis barrier

40
Q

what does the first meiotic division produce?

A

secondary spermatocytes - 2 x 1n DNA, 23 chromosomes, haploid (reductional division)

41
Q

what does the second meiotic division produce?

A

each secondary spermatocyte divides to produce 2 spermatids (1 x 1n DNA)(no genetic material replication) - the centromere divides so that a ss chromatid goes to each cell

42
Q

how many spermatids does each primary spermatocyte result in?

A

4

43
Q

summarize spermatogenesis divisions/DNA replications

A

2 cellular divisions, but 1 DNA replication:

  • primary spermatocyte = 2 x 2n DNA
  • secondary spermatocyte = 2 x 1n DNA
  • spermatid = 1 x 1n DNA
44
Q

where are spermatids found?

A

near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

45
Q

describe spermatids appearance

A
  • nucleus w/ regions of condensed chromatin
  • centriole pair
  • mitochondria
  • free ribosomes
  • sER
  • well-developed Golgi
46
Q

length of meiosis 1 and where it occurs

A

22 days for whole cell cycle - occurs in primary spermatocyte

47
Q

leptotene

A

chromosomes condense

48
Q

zygotene

A

homologous chromosomes (maternal + paternal) pair to form synaptonemal complex

49
Q

function of synaptonemal complex

A

allows physical association of chromosomes for crossing over

50
Q

pachytene

A
  • chromatids become visible

- CROSSING OVER BEGINS

51
Q

diplotene

A
  • further chromosome condensation

- chiasmata (contacts) b/w chromatids evident

52
Q

diakinesis

A
  • nucleolus disappears

- nuclear envelope disintegrates

53
Q

what phase are leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis all a part of?

A

prophase I of meiosis I

54
Q

metaphase I of meiosis I

A

similar to metaphase of mitosis

55
Q

anaphase/telophase I of meiosis I

A

similar to mitosis except chromosomes do not split and paired chromatids stay together

56
Q

meiosis II

A
  • prophase II - no DNA synthesis

- metaphase II and anaphase II similar to mitosis

57
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

cytodifferentiation process where spermatids become spermatozoa -> released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

58
Q

4 phases of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Golgi phase
  2. Cap phase
  3. acrosomal phase
  4. maturation phase
59
Q

Golgi phase of spermiogenesis?

A

formation of acrosomal granule + centriole migration

60
Q

describe formation of acrosomal granule in Golgi phase

A

PAS(+) pre-acrosomal granules coalesce - form acrosomal granule enclosed w/i an acrosomal vesicle
-becomes attached to anterior end of spermatid nuclear envelope

61
Q

describe centriole migration during Golgi phase

A
  • migrate away from nucleus to form flagellar axoneme

- then migrate back toward nucleus during acrosomal phase to assist in forming the connecting piece in sperm neck

62
Q

cap phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  • acrosomal vesicle expands and covers the anterior half of nucleus -> forms acrosomal cap
  • chromatin begins to condense
63
Q

acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis - what happens w/ nucleus?

A

condenses, flattens, and localizes in the head region

64
Q

acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis - what happens w/ mitochondria?

A

aggregate around proximal portion of flagellum - develop into middle piece of tail

65
Q

acrosomal phase of spermiogenesis - what happens w/ spermatid?

A
  • elongates w/ help of manchette

- chromatin transitions: histones replaced w/ protamines 1 and 2

66
Q

what is a manchette?

A

temporary cylinder of microtubules

67
Q

function of replacing histones w/ protamines?

A

facilitates a high order of chromatin packaging needed for sperm function

68
Q

maturation phase of spermiogenesis?

A
  • excess cytoplasm and intercellular bridges lost

- completed when nonmotile spermatozoa released tail first into seminiferous tubule lumen

69
Q

during maturation phase of spermiogenesis, what is done w/ discarded materials?

A

phagocytosed by Sertoli cells

70
Q

where do sperm acquire motility?

A

in ductus epididymis

71
Q

describe spermatozoon head

A
  • flattened

- dense, homogeneous nucleus w/ 23 chromosomes

72
Q

describe spermatozoon acrosome

A
  • contains hydrolytic enzymes

- assists sperm in penetrating the oocyte corona radiata and zona pellucida

73
Q

what hydrolytic enzymes does the acrosome contain (4)?

A
  • acid phosphatase
  • neuraminidase
  • hyaluronidase
  • proteases
74
Q

what is enzyme release from the acrosome called?

A

acrosomal reaction

75
Q

describe spermatozoon neck

A

-houses centrioles and connecting piece attached to 9 outer dense fibers of remainder of tail

76
Q

describe spermatozoon middle piece

A
  • extends from neck to annulus

- contains axoneme, 9 outer dense fibers, and spiral sheath of mitochondria

77
Q

describe spermatozoon principal piece

A
  • extends from annulus to end piece

- contains axoneme w/ surrounding dense fibers encircled by fibrous sheath w/ circumferentially oriented ribs

78
Q

describe spermatozoon end piece

A

-contains axoneme and surrounding plasma membrane

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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