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Histology - Exam 3 > Female Reproductive System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

major function of ovaries

A
  • steroidogenesis (estrogen and progesterone production)

- gametogenesis (oocytes and ova production)

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2
Q

describe ovaries

A
  • capsule (tunica albuginea) of dense irregular CT
  • simple cuboidal (or squamous) surface epithelium = germinal epithelium
  • divided into cortex and medulla (not sharply defined)
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3
Q

ovarian cortex

A

contains ovarian follicles

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4
Q

ovarian medulla

A

contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves in loose CT stroma

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5
Q

3 types of ovarian follicles

A
  • primordial
  • growing
  • Graafian
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6
Q

primordial follicles

A

primary oocyte covered by 1 layer of squamous follicular cells

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7
Q

oocytes

A
  • prominent, acentric nucleus w/ single nucleolus

- Balbiani body: Golgi regions, mitochondria, rER profiles

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8
Q

in what stage are oocytes kept in during fetal life and before?

A

arrested in prophase of meiosis I

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9
Q

follicular cells

A

separated from stroma by a basal lamina and attach to each other by desmosomes

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10
Q

primary follicles

A
  • amorphous layer of zona pellucida (acidophilic)

- basal lamina outside of follicular cells

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11
Q

composition of zona pellucida

A

3 glycoproteins (PAS+) produced by the oocyte

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12
Q

unilaminar/early primary follicles

A
  • develop from primordial follicles

- 1 layer of cuboidal follicular cells around oocyte

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13
Q

multilaminar/late primary follicles formation

A

develop from unilaminar follicles by proliferation of follicular cells

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14
Q

multilaminar/late primary follicles

A
  • several layers of follicular cells = granulosa cells
  • theca folliculi (stromal cell sheath around granulosa cells) divided into two layers
  • basal lamina dividing granulosa cells from theca interna
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15
Q

2 layers of theca folliculi

A
  • inner cellular “cuboidal” layer = theca interna

- outer fibrous layer = theca externa

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16
Q

how do secondary/antral follicles form?

A

when liquor folliculi accumulates in intracellular spaces b/w granulosa cells -> fluid filled spaces coalesce into one large cavity (antrum)

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17
Q

function of FSH on secondary follicle development

A

stimulates granulosa cells to:

  • convert androgens into estrogens
  • manufacture membrane receptors for LH
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18
Q

where are androgens made?

A

theca interna cells

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19
Q

changes w/ microvilli during secondary follicle formation

A

microvilli from oocyte and narrow processes from granulosa cells extend into zona pellucida

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20
Q

communication b/w cells in secondary follicle?

A
  • granulosa cells contact each other via gap jxns

- granulosa cell gap jxns w/ oocyte plasma membrane

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21
Q

what is the Graafian/mature follicle?

A

the one follicle among secondary follicles that will ovulate

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22
Q

size of Graafian follicle

A

2.5 cm in diameter - evident as large bulge on ovary surface

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23
Q

describe oocyte of Graafian follicle

A

acentrically positioned on small mound of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that projects into antrum

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24
Q

what forms the avascular layer surrounding the zona pellucida and lining antrum in Graafian follicle?

A

granulosa cells

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25
where are androgens converted into estrogens?
granulosa cells
26
theca externa of Graafian follicles
- mainly collagenous, w/ few muscle cells | - contains blood vessels that nourish theca interna
27
formation of secondary oocyte
- just prior to ovulation - primary oocyte completes 1st meiotic division - forms first polar body - 2nd meiotic division begins but is blocked at metaphase
28
what initiates 2nd meiotic division in oocyte?
when sperm contacts the diploid secondary oocyte and acrosomal reaction occurs
29
what does sperm fertilize?
haploid ovum from 2nd meiotic division
30
what does the acrosomal reaction cause?
breakdown of zona pellucida so that other sperm cannot attach
31
when does ovulation occur?
in response to surge of LH
32
describe ovulation
secondary oocyte and cumulus cells (corona radiata) leave ruptured follicle to enter the fimbriated oviduct end
33
composition of corpus luteum
- granulosa lutein cells (modified granulosa cells) | - theca lutein cells (modified theca interna cells)
34
function of corpus luteum
temporary endocrine gland rich in blood vessels/capillaries
35
what controls formation of corpus luteum?
LH
36
granulosa/follicular lutein cells description
- large 30um diameter - pale - abundant sER and rER - many mitochondria - well-developed Golgi - lipid droplets
37
how are granulosa/follicular lutein cells controlled and what is their function?
- controlled by FSH and LH - make most of body's progesterone - convert androgens into estrodiol
38
theca lutein cells description
- small 15 um diameter | - concentrated mainly along corpus luteum periphery
39
function of theca lutein cells
make androgens (androstenedione) and small amounts of estrogen and progesterone
40
corpus albicans
small scar formed from corpus luteum remnants after function ceases and it degenerates
41
atretic follicles
follicles in various stages that are undergoing degeneration - commonly present in ovary - after Graafian follicle ovulates, remaining secondary follicles degenerate
42
what kind of changes do atretic follicles show?
- pyknotic changes in granulosa cell nuclei | - other degenerative changes
43
layers of oviduct wall
- mucosa - mucsularis - serosa
44
4 regions of oviduct
- infundibulum w/ fimbriated end w/ funnel-shaped opening - ampulla - longest segment, common site of fertilization - isthmus - intramural portion
45
mucosa of oviduct
- has extensive longitudinal folds in infundibulum | - folding progressively decreases in remaining 3 segments
46
epithelium of oviduct
simple columnar - 2 cell types: peg and ciliated cells
47
peg cells
-make nutrient rich secretion to nourish spermatozoa and preimplantation embryo
48
ciliated cells
- have cilia - primarily beat towards the uterus lumen - may help embryo transport to uterus
49
lamina propria of oviduct
- sparse | - consists of loose CT w/ reticular fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphoid cells
50
muscularis of oviduct
- poorly defined inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer - rhythmic contractions may assist preimplantation embryo in moving towards uterus
51
serosa of oviduct
- covers oviduct outer surface | - composed of a simple squamous epithelium over a CT layer
52
subdivisions of uterus
- fundus - body (corpus) - cervix
53
layers of uterine wall
- endometrium - myometrium - adventitia/serosa
54
where are serosa vs. adventitia present in uterus?
serosa: over surfaces w/i the peritoneal cavity adventitia: along uterine retroperitoneal surfaces
55
endometrium epithelium
- simple columnar w/ secretory mucous cells - stroma resembles mesenchymal CT, with reticular fibers and stellate-shaped cells - macrophages and leukocytes
56
divisions of endometrium
2 indistinct layers: - thick superficial functional layer - deeper basal layer
57
functional layer of endometrium
sloughed and reestablished monthly due to hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
58
basal layer (basalis) of endometrium
- preserved during menstruation - has endometrial glands - basal cells provide source for endometrial reepithelialization after functional layer is sloughed
59
endometrial vascular supply
2 types of arteries derived from those in myometrium: coiled arteries and straight arteries
60
coiled arteries
extend into functional layer and undergo changes during different stages of menstrual cycle
61
straight arteries
do not undergo cyclic changes - terminate in basal layer
62
uterus myometrium
- thick uterine smooth muscle tunic | - inner and outer longitudinal layers and thick middle circular layer
63
which layer of myometrium is richly vascularized?
circular layer = stratum vasculare
64
changes to myometrium during pregnancy
- thickens due to smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia - SMC's develop many gap jxns near end of pregnancy that help coordinate muscle contraction
65
what triggers powerful contractions of myometrium during parturition?
- oxytocin | - prostaglandins

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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