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Histology - Exam 3 > Female Reproductive System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

major function of ovaries

A
  • steroidogenesis (estrogen and progesterone production)

- gametogenesis (oocytes and ova production)

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2
Q

describe ovaries

A
  • capsule (tunica albuginea) of dense irregular CT
  • simple cuboidal (or squamous) surface epithelium = germinal epithelium
  • divided into cortex and medulla (not sharply defined)
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3
Q

ovarian cortex

A

contains ovarian follicles

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4
Q

ovarian medulla

A

contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves in loose CT stroma

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5
Q

3 types of ovarian follicles

A
  • primordial
  • growing
  • Graafian
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6
Q

primordial follicles

A

primary oocyte covered by 1 layer of squamous follicular cells

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7
Q

oocytes

A
  • prominent, acentric nucleus w/ single nucleolus

- Balbiani body: Golgi regions, mitochondria, rER profiles

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8
Q

in what stage are oocytes kept in during fetal life and before?

A

arrested in prophase of meiosis I

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9
Q

follicular cells

A

separated from stroma by a basal lamina and attach to each other by desmosomes

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10
Q

primary follicles

A
  • amorphous layer of zona pellucida (acidophilic)

- basal lamina outside of follicular cells

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11
Q

composition of zona pellucida

A

3 glycoproteins (PAS+) produced by the oocyte

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12
Q

unilaminar/early primary follicles

A
  • develop from primordial follicles

- 1 layer of cuboidal follicular cells around oocyte

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13
Q

multilaminar/late primary follicles formation

A

develop from unilaminar follicles by proliferation of follicular cells

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14
Q

multilaminar/late primary follicles

A
  • several layers of follicular cells = granulosa cells
  • theca folliculi (stromal cell sheath around granulosa cells) divided into two layers
  • basal lamina dividing granulosa cells from theca interna
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15
Q

2 layers of theca folliculi

A
  • inner cellular “cuboidal” layer = theca interna

- outer fibrous layer = theca externa

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16
Q

how do secondary/antral follicles form?

A

when liquor folliculi accumulates in intracellular spaces b/w granulosa cells -> fluid filled spaces coalesce into one large cavity (antrum)

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17
Q

function of FSH on secondary follicle development

A

stimulates granulosa cells to:

  • convert androgens into estrogens
  • manufacture membrane receptors for LH
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18
Q

where are androgens made?

A

theca interna cells

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19
Q

changes w/ microvilli during secondary follicle formation

A

microvilli from oocyte and narrow processes from granulosa cells extend into zona pellucida

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20
Q

communication b/w cells in secondary follicle?

A
  • granulosa cells contact each other via gap jxns

- granulosa cell gap jxns w/ oocyte plasma membrane

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21
Q

what is the Graafian/mature follicle?

A

the one follicle among secondary follicles that will ovulate

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22
Q

size of Graafian follicle

A

2.5 cm in diameter - evident as large bulge on ovary surface

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23
Q

describe oocyte of Graafian follicle

A

acentrically positioned on small mound of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that projects into antrum

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24
Q

what forms the avascular layer surrounding the zona pellucida and lining antrum in Graafian follicle?

A

granulosa cells

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25
Q

where are androgens converted into estrogens?

A

granulosa cells

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26
Q

theca externa of Graafian follicles

A
  • mainly collagenous, w/ few muscle cells

- contains blood vessels that nourish theca interna

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27
Q

formation of secondary oocyte

A
  • just prior to ovulation
  • primary oocyte completes 1st meiotic division
  • forms first polar body
  • 2nd meiotic division begins but is blocked at metaphase
28
Q

what initiates 2nd meiotic division in oocyte?

A

when sperm contacts the diploid secondary oocyte and acrosomal reaction occurs

29
Q

what does sperm fertilize?

A

haploid ovum from 2nd meiotic division

30
Q

what does the acrosomal reaction cause?

A

breakdown of zona pellucida so that other sperm cannot attach

31
Q

when does ovulation occur?

A

in response to surge of LH

32
Q

describe ovulation

A

secondary oocyte and cumulus cells (corona radiata) leave ruptured follicle to enter the fimbriated oviduct end

33
Q

composition of corpus luteum

A
  • granulosa lutein cells (modified granulosa cells)

- theca lutein cells (modified theca interna cells)

34
Q

function of corpus luteum

A

temporary endocrine gland rich in blood vessels/capillaries

35
Q

what controls formation of corpus luteum?

A

LH

36
Q

granulosa/follicular lutein cells description

A
  • large 30um diameter
  • pale
  • abundant sER and rER
  • many mitochondria
  • well-developed Golgi
  • lipid droplets
37
Q

how are granulosa/follicular lutein cells controlled and what is their function?

A
  • controlled by FSH and LH
  • make most of body’s progesterone
  • convert androgens into estrodiol
38
Q

theca lutein cells description

A
  • small 15 um diameter

- concentrated mainly along corpus luteum periphery

39
Q

function of theca lutein cells

A

make androgens (androstenedione) and small amounts of estrogen and progesterone

40
Q

corpus albicans

A

small scar formed from corpus luteum remnants after function ceases and it degenerates

41
Q

atretic follicles

A

follicles in various stages that are undergoing degeneration - commonly present in ovary - after Graafian follicle ovulates, remaining secondary follicles degenerate

42
Q

what kind of changes do atretic follicles show?

A
  • pyknotic changes in granulosa cell nuclei

- other degenerative changes

43
Q

layers of oviduct wall

A
  • mucosa
  • mucsularis
  • serosa
44
Q

4 regions of oviduct

A
  • infundibulum w/ fimbriated end w/ funnel-shaped opening
  • ampulla - longest segment, common site of fertilization
  • isthmus
  • intramural portion
45
Q

mucosa of oviduct

A
  • has extensive longitudinal folds in infundibulum

- folding progressively decreases in remaining 3 segments

46
Q

epithelium of oviduct

A

simple columnar - 2 cell types: peg and ciliated cells

47
Q

peg cells

A

-make nutrient rich secretion to nourish spermatozoa and preimplantation embryo

48
Q

ciliated cells

A
  • have cilia
  • primarily beat towards the uterus lumen
  • may help embryo transport to uterus
49
Q

lamina propria of oviduct

A
  • sparse

- consists of loose CT w/ reticular fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, lymphoid cells

50
Q

muscularis of oviduct

A
  • poorly defined inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer
  • rhythmic contractions may assist preimplantation embryo in moving towards uterus
51
Q

serosa of oviduct

A
  • covers oviduct outer surface

- composed of a simple squamous epithelium over a CT layer

52
Q

subdivisions of uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body (corpus)
  • cervix
53
Q

layers of uterine wall

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • adventitia/serosa
54
Q

where are serosa vs. adventitia present in uterus?

A

serosa: over surfaces w/i the peritoneal cavity
adventitia: along uterine retroperitoneal surfaces

55
Q

endometrium epithelium

A
  • simple columnar w/ secretory mucous cells
  • stroma resembles mesenchymal CT, with reticular fibers and stellate-shaped cells
  • macrophages and leukocytes
56
Q

divisions of endometrium

A

2 indistinct layers:

  • thick superficial functional layer
  • deeper basal layer
57
Q

functional layer of endometrium

A

sloughed and reestablished monthly due to hormonal changes during menstrual cycle

58
Q

basal layer (basalis) of endometrium

A
  • preserved during menstruation
  • has endometrial glands
  • basal cells provide source for endometrial reepithelialization after functional layer is sloughed
59
Q

endometrial vascular supply

A

2 types of arteries derived from those in myometrium: coiled arteries and straight arteries

60
Q

coiled arteries

A

extend into functional layer and undergo changes during different stages of menstrual cycle

61
Q

straight arteries

A

do not undergo cyclic changes - terminate in basal layer

62
Q

uterus myometrium

A
  • thick uterine smooth muscle tunic

- inner and outer longitudinal layers and thick middle circular layer

63
Q

which layer of myometrium is richly vascularized?

A

circular layer = stratum vasculare

64
Q

changes to myometrium during pregnancy

A
  • thickens due to smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  • SMC’s develop many gap jxns near end of pregnancy that help coordinate muscle contraction
65
Q

what triggers powerful contractions of myometrium during parturition?

A
  • oxytocin

- prostaglandins

Histology - Exam 3 (12 decks)

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