Urinary system disorders Flashcards
Pollakiuria
Abnormal frequency of urination passing very small amounts of urine
What are some possible causes of cystitis?
- Idiopathic
- Trauma/urethral sphincter dysfunction
- Urithiasis (urinary calculi)
- Neoplasia
What are some clinical signs associated with cystitis?
- Pollakiuria
- Urinary tenesmus
- Haematuria
- Incontinence
- Dysuria/straining
- Urine scalding
What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with cystitis?
- Assist with diagnostics
- Medication under VS direction
- Monitor vital signs
- Urinary catheterisation
- Assist with bladder lavage
- Monitor urine output (frequency/colour/amount)
- Monitor behaviour
- Management and grooming (check for urine scalds)
What is urolithiasis?
- Uriniary calculi, uroliths (bladder stones)
- Most common form in the urinary bladder
- May drop into the urethra (pass through/obstruct)
What are some possible causes of urolithiasis?
- Urinary tract infection
- High dietary intake of certain minerals (manage struvite, rate and cystine crystals)
- Disease or genetic predisposition
- Rabbit urine is typically alkaline and has a high mineral content
What are some clinical signs of urolithiasis?
- Dysuria/pollakuria/hematuria/incontinence
- Scalding of perineum (females)
- Extended penis (dripping urine)
- Distended bladder
What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected urolithiasis?
- Physical exam
- Ultrasound
- Urethral endoscope
What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with urolithiasis?
- Surgery/manual retrieval
- Laser or shockwave therapy
- Bladder lavage
- Urine culture and analysis of urolith
- Dietary considerations
- Monitor vital signs
- Fresh water available
- Monitor urine output (colour/frequency/amount)
- Monitor behaviour
What are some possible causes of urinary incontinence?
- Neurological disease
- Cystitis
- Prostatic disease
- Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI)
- Ectropic ureters
- Bladder neck tumour
What are some clinical signs associated with incontinence?
- Passing urine when lying down or walking
- Urine around perineum
- Scalding of the skin around perineum
What treatment can be done for a patient with incontinence?
- Specific to cause
- Medication
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Castration
- Antibiotics
What nursing care can be done for a patient with incontinence?
- Clip and clean perineum
- Barrier cream
- Clean bedding
- Medication
- Monitoring
What are some possible causes of feline lower urinary tracts disease (FLUTD)?
- Idiopathic (up to 65% of cases)
- Urethral plugs
- Uroliths
- Bacterial infection
What treatment can be done for a patient with obstructive FLUTD?
- Urgent
- Blood tests
- Cystocentesis
- IVFT
- GA blockage removal
- Bladder flush and catheterisation
- Medication under VS direction
What nursing care can be done for a patient with obstructive FLUTD?
- Monitoring
- Blood tests
- IVFT
- Maintenance of urinary catheter (if applicable)
- Cleaning/grooming
- Medication under VS direction
What treatment can be done for a patient with non-obstructive FLUTD?
- Long-term management
- Diet
- Weight control
- Encourage increased water intake
- Supplementation of GAGs (Glucosaminoglycan)
- Reduce stress levels
- Medical checks
What are some possible diseases affecting the prostate?
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Prostatitis (inflammation of prostate)
- Prostatic abscessation
- Prostatic cysts
- Prostatic neoplasia (rare - can affect young and old dogs)
What are some clinical signs of prostatic disease?
- Haematuria
- Dysuria
- Incontinence
- Urinary and faecal tenesmus
- Constipation
What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected prostatic disease?
- Ultrasound
- X-rays
- Urinalysis
- Prostatic massage/flushing/biopsy
What treatment can be done for a patient with prostatic disease?
- BPH treated with castration or hormone treatment
- Prostatitis treated as BPH and with AB’s
- Surgical intervention for cysts and abscessation
- Palliative treatment for neoplasia
Pyelomephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis
Interstitial nephritis
Inflammation of the renal omterstitium
What are some clinical signs of acute renal failure?
- Sudden anorexia, lethargy and depression
- Oliguria and anuria followed by polyuria
- V+ and D+
- Polydipsia
- Dehydration
- Abdominal pain
What are some possible causes of acute renal failure?
- Decreased blood flow to the kidneys (eg hypovolaemic shock)
- Direct effect on the cells of the kidneys (eg toxins) or infections (leptospirosis)
- Post-renal obstruction (eg urethral stone)
- Chronic renal failure
What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected acute renal failure?
- Blood tests
- Urinalysis
- X-rays
- Ultrasound
- CT
- Hypertension
What treatment can be done for acute renal failure?
- IVFT
- Drug therapy
- Antiemetics
- peritoneal dialysis
What nursing care can be done for a patient with acute renal failure?
- Barrier nursing
- IVFT
- Monitoring (hydration, weight and V+)
- Medication
- Diet
- Grooming and cleaning
What clinical signs are seen with chronic renal failure?
Symptoms appear when >75% of renal function lost
What are some possible causes of chronic renal failure?
- Acute renal failure
- Congenital/hereditary disease
- Glomerulonephritis
- Ischaemic damage
- Hypercalcaemia
- Idiopathic
What diagnostics can be done for chronic renal failure?
- Biochemistry and haematology
- Urinalysis
- X-rays
- Blood pressure monitoring
What treatment can be done for a patient with chronic renal failure?
- Treat underlying cause
- IVFT and electrolytes
- Antiemetics
- Dietary management
- Vitamin B supplements and erythropoietin by injection
What nursing care can be done for a patient with chronic renal failure?
- Monitoring
- IVFT and medication
- Ad lib fresh water and dietary adjustments
- Frequently taken out to toilet
What is nephritis?
- Inflammation of the kidneys
- Severe kidney infection
- Ability to filter toxins lost
What are some clinical signs associated with nephritis?
- Fever
- Pain in kidneys
- Swelling of kidneys
- Blood in urine
- Heightened levels of serum protein in blood
- Higher than normal levels of urea and creatinine in blood
What diagnostics can be done for a patient with nephritis?
- Physical exam
- Ultrasound
- Haematology
- Urinalysis
What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with nephritis?
- Fresh water availability
- Electrolytes
- Dietary management
- Medication under VS direction
- Monitor vital signs
- Monitor urine output (colour/amount/frequency)
- Monitor behaviour
What occurs with a ruptured bladder?
Leak and accumulation of urine inside the abdominal cavity
What are some possible causes of a ruptured bladder?
- Trauma of bladder wall
- Tear in the urachus
- Urinary obstructions
What are some clinical signs of a ruptured bladder?
- Abnormal urination
- Abnormal levels of urine
- Depression
- Abdominal distension
- Increased abdominal pressure
- Dribbling urine
- Discomfort during urination
- Lack of appetite
- Metabolic imbalances
- Congested MMs
- Increased HR
- Cardiac arrhythmias
What diagnostics can be done for a patient with a ruptured bladder?
- Physical exam
- History of symptoms
- Haematology
- Abdominocentesis
- Cystoscopy
What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with a ruptured bladder?
- Stabilisation of the patient
- Surgical repair and drainage of the uroperitoneum
- Medication under VS direction
- Fresh water availability
- IVFT
- Monitor vital signs
- Monitor urine output (amount, frequency and colour)
- Manage urinary catheter (if applicable)
- Monitor behaviour
