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Patient Care 2 > Urinary system disorders > Flashcards

Urinary system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Pollakiuria

A

Abnormal frequency of urination passing very small amounts of urine

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2
Q

What are some possible causes of cystitis?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Trauma/urethral sphincter dysfunction
  • Urithiasis (urinary calculi)
  • Neoplasia
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3
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with cystitis?

A
  • Pollakiuria
  • Urinary tenesmus
  • Haematuria
  • Incontinence
  • Dysuria/straining
  • Urine scalding
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4
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with cystitis?

A
  • Assist with diagnostics
  • Medication under VS direction
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Urinary catheterisation
  • Assist with bladder lavage
  • Monitor urine output (frequency/colour/amount)
  • Monitor behaviour
  • Management and grooming (check for urine scalds)
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5
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A
  • Uriniary calculi, uroliths (bladder stones)
  • Most common form in the urinary bladder
  • May drop into the urethra (pass through/obstruct)
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6
Q

What are some possible causes of urolithiasis?

A
  • Urinary tract infection
  • High dietary intake of certain minerals (manage struvite, rate and cystine crystals)
  • Disease or genetic predisposition
  • Rabbit urine is typically alkaline and has a high mineral content
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7
Q

What are some clinical signs of urolithiasis?

A
  • Dysuria/pollakuria/hematuria/incontinence
  • Scalding of perineum (females)
  • Extended penis (dripping urine)
  • Distended bladder
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8
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected urolithiasis?

A
  • Physical exam
  • Ultrasound
  • Urethral endoscope
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9
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with urolithiasis?

A
  • Surgery/manual retrieval
  • Laser or shockwave therapy
  • Bladder lavage
  • Urine culture and analysis of urolith
  • Dietary considerations
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Fresh water available
  • Monitor urine output (colour/frequency/amount)
  • Monitor behaviour
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10
Q

What are some possible causes of urinary incontinence?

A
  • Neurological disease
  • Cystitis
  • Prostatic disease
  • Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI)
  • Ectropic ureters
  • Bladder neck tumour
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11
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with incontinence?

A
  • Passing urine when lying down or walking
  • Urine around perineum
  • Scalding of the skin around perineum
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12
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with incontinence?

A
  • Specific to cause
  • Medication
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Castration
  • Antibiotics
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13
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient with incontinence?

A
  • Clip and clean perineum
  • Barrier cream
  • Clean bedding
  • Medication
  • Monitoring
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14
Q

What are some possible causes of feline lower urinary tracts disease (FLUTD)?

A
  • Idiopathic (up to 65% of cases)
  • Urethral plugs
  • Uroliths
  • Bacterial infection
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15
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with obstructive FLUTD?

A
  • Urgent
  • Blood tests
  • Cystocentesis
  • IVFT
  • GA blockage removal
  • Bladder flush and catheterisation
  • Medication under VS direction
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16
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient with obstructive FLUTD?

A
  • Monitoring
  • Blood tests
  • IVFT
  • Maintenance of urinary catheter (if applicable)
  • Cleaning/grooming
  • Medication under VS direction
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17
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with non-obstructive FLUTD?

A
  • Long-term management
  • Diet
  • Weight control
  • Encourage increased water intake
  • Supplementation of GAGs (Glucosaminoglycan)
  • Reduce stress levels
  • Medical checks
18
Q

What are some possible diseases affecting the prostate?

A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostatitis (inflammation of prostate)
  • Prostatic abscessation
  • Prostatic cysts
  • Prostatic neoplasia (rare - can affect young and old dogs)
19
Q

What are some clinical signs of prostatic disease?

A
  • Haematuria
  • Dysuria
  • Incontinence
  • Urinary and faecal tenesmus
  • Constipation
20
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected prostatic disease?

A
  • Ultrasound
  • X-rays
  • Urinalysis
  • Prostatic massage/flushing/biopsy
21
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with prostatic disease?

A
  • BPH treated with castration or hormone treatment
  • Prostatitis treated as BPH and with AB’s
  • Surgical intervention for cysts and abscessation
  • Palliative treatment for neoplasia
22
Q

Pyelomephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis

23
Q

Interstitial nephritis

A

Inflammation of the renal omterstitium

24
Q

What are some clinical signs of acute renal failure?

A
  • Sudden anorexia, lethargy and depression
  • Oliguria and anuria followed by polyuria
  • V+ and D+
  • Polydipsia
  • Dehydration
  • Abdominal pain
25
Q

What are some possible causes of acute renal failure?

A
  • Decreased blood flow to the kidneys (eg hypovolaemic shock)
  • Direct effect on the cells of the kidneys (eg toxins) or infections (leptospirosis)
  • Post-renal obstruction (eg urethral stone)
  • Chronic renal failure
26
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a patient with suspected acute renal failure?

A
  • Blood tests
  • Urinalysis
  • X-rays
  • Ultrasound
  • CT
  • Hypertension
27
Q

What treatment can be done for acute renal failure?

A
  • IVFT
  • Drug therapy
  • Antiemetics
  • peritoneal dialysis
28
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient with acute renal failure?

A
  • Barrier nursing
  • IVFT
  • Monitoring (hydration, weight and V+)
  • Medication
  • Diet
  • Grooming and cleaning
29
Q

What clinical signs are seen with chronic renal failure?

A

Symptoms appear when >75% of renal function lost

30
Q

What are some possible causes of chronic renal failure?

A
  • Acute renal failure
  • Congenital/hereditary disease
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Ischaemic damage
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Idiopathic
31
Q

What diagnostics can be done for chronic renal failure?

A
  • Biochemistry and haematology
  • Urinalysis
  • X-rays
  • Blood pressure monitoring
32
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with chronic renal failure?

A
  • Treat underlying cause
  • IVFT and electrolytes
  • Antiemetics
  • Dietary management
  • Vitamin B supplements and erythropoietin by injection
33
Q

What nursing care can be done for a patient with chronic renal failure?

A
  • Monitoring
  • IVFT and medication
  • Ad lib fresh water and dietary adjustments
  • Frequently taken out to toilet
34
Q

What is nephritis?

A
  • Inflammation of the kidneys
  • Severe kidney infection
  • Ability to filter toxins lost
35
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with nephritis?

A
  • Fever
  • Pain in kidneys
  • Swelling of kidneys
  • Blood in urine
  • Heightened levels of serum protein in blood
  • Higher than normal levels of urea and creatinine in blood
36
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a patient with nephritis?

A
  • Physical exam
  • Ultrasound
  • Haematology
  • Urinalysis
37
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with nephritis?

A
  • Fresh water availability
  • Electrolytes
  • Dietary management
  • Medication under VS direction
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Monitor urine output (colour/amount/frequency)
  • Monitor behaviour
38
Q

What occurs with a ruptured bladder?

A

Leak and accumulation of urine inside the abdominal cavity

39
Q

What are some possible causes of a ruptured bladder?

A
  • Trauma of bladder wall
  • Tear in the urachus
  • Urinary obstructions
40
Q

What are some clinical signs of a ruptured bladder?

A
  • Abnormal urination
  • Abnormal levels of urine
  • Depression
  • Abdominal distension
  • Increased abdominal pressure
  • Dribbling urine
  • Discomfort during urination
  • Lack of appetite
  • Metabolic imbalances
  • Congested MMs
  • Increased HR
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
41
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a patient with a ruptured bladder?

A
  • Physical exam
  • History of symptoms
  • Haematology
  • Abdominocentesis
  • Cystoscopy
42
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with a ruptured bladder?

A
  • Stabilisation of the patient
  • Surgical repair and drainage of the uroperitoneum
  • Medication under VS direction
  • Fresh water availability
  • IVFT
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Monitor urine output (amount, frequency and colour)
  • Manage urinary catheter (if applicable)
  • Monitor behaviour

Patient Care 2 (13 decks)

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