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Patient Care 2 > Musculoskeletal disorders > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Tendon

A

Links muscle to bone

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2
Q

Ligament

A

Links bone to bone

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3
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of a voluntary muscle

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4
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

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5
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joint

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6
Q

Atrophy

A

Loss of skeletal muscle mass

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7
Q

Myopathy

A

Disease or damage to the muscle

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8
Q

What are the dietary requirements of growing animals?

A
  • Increased dietary demand due to fast growth
  • Calcium : Phosphorus = 1.1 : 1 (vital for growth, nerve and muscle function and blood clotting)
  • Calcium deficiency will cause slow growth and thyroid problems
  • Vitamin D = aids absorption of calcium through gut, decreases excretion of calcium and phosphorus from the kidney (excess will cause soft tissue mineralisation and organ dysfunction)
  • Vitamin A = Essential for correct metabolism, deficiency leads to skin and coat conditions, poor growth, reproductive and eye disorders
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9
Q

What is rickets?

A
  • Rare metabolic bone disorder seen in young animals
  • Deficient in Vitamin D
  • Inability to absorb calcium from intestines
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of rickets?

A
  • Lameless
  • Biowed limbs
  • Swollen joints
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11
Q

What diagnostics can be done for suspected rickets?

A

X-rays show thickened growth plates

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12
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with rickets?

A
  • Balanced diet
  • Supplement of vitamin D
  • Analgesics
  • Soft comfortable bedding
  • Monitor vital signs
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13
Q

What is metaphyseal osteopathy?

A
  • Abnormal metaphyseal bone formation

- Occurs in young, rapidly growing dogs (common in giant breeds)

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14
Q

What are some clinical signs seen with metaphyseal osteopathy?

A
  • Swollen, painful growth plate regions
  • Severe lameness
  • Pyrexia
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
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15
Q

What are the treatments and nursing care for a patient with metaphyseal osteopathy?

A
  • Balanced diet
  • Analgesia
  • Soft comfortable bedding
  • Assisted urination and defecation
  • Monitor vital signs
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16
Q

What is secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Metabolic bone disease associated with all-meat diets
  • Caused by a diet grossly deficient in calcium or containing excess phosphorus, alongside vitamin D deficiency
  • Bone production is normal but osteopenia results from excessive bone resorption
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17
Q

What are some clinical signs of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Skeletal pain and lameness
  • Deformity
  • Abnormal posture
  • Pathological fractures
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18
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Balanced diet (possible calcium supplement)
  • Analgesia
  • Soft comfortable bedding and cage rest
  • Assisted urination and defecation
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19
Q

What is hypertrophic osteopathy?

A
  • Non-metabolic bone disease associated with a thoracic mass (tumour or abscess)
  • Periosteal proliferation typically of the metacarpals/tarsals
  • No joint involvement
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20
Q

What are some clinical signs of hypertrophic osteopathy?

A
  • Lameness and pain
  • Bilateral soft tissue swelling of the lower limbs (often symmetrical)
  • In later stages thoracic signs develop
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21
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with hypertrophic osteopathy?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Provide soft, comfortable bedding
  • Analgesia and other medication under VS direction
22
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A
  • Non-metabolic bone disease associated with inflammation of bone and bone marrow
  • Most commonly caused by bone infection (eg. direct contact or infection spread locally, corrosion of a surgical implant)
23
Q

What are some clinical signs seen with osteomyelitis?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Depression/lethargy/inappetence
  • Heat/lameness/pain
  • Exudation of pus (wound/tract from implant)
24
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with osteomyelitis?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Provide soft, comfortable bedding
  • Analgesia
  • AB’s and other medication under VS direction
  • IVFT (post op)
  • Manage and change dressings
25
Q

How may arthritis be classed?

A
  • Degenerative joint disease
  • Immune-mediated (eg. idiopathic polyarthritis)
  • Inflammatory
26
Q

What are some clinical signs with arthritis?

A
  • Lameness and pain
  • Exercise intolerance
  • ‘Stiffness’ improves with exercise
27
Q

What are some diagnostics that can be done for a patient with suspected arthritis?

A
  • Blood tests
  • X-rays
  • Joint tap
28
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for an arthritic patient?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Provide soft, comfortable bedding
  • Encourage frequent short walks
  • Medication as directed by VS (AI’s, ABs)
  • Dietary adjustments/supplements
29
Q

What is osterochondritis dissecans (OCD)?

A
  • Developmental orthopaedic disease that starts within first 12 months of development
  • Soft cartilage cells are converted to more solid bones by endochondral ossification
30
Q

What are some clinical signs of OCD?

A
  • Enlarged joint
  • Swelling with extra joint fluid (due to inflammation)
  • +/- heat and pain
  • +/- lameness
  • ‘Awkward’ stance
  • Reduced activity
31
Q

What are some causes of OCD?

A
  • Failure in cartilage -> bones rub together and cause inflammation
  • Quick growth caused by rich feed and over exercise
  • Genetic factors
32
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with OCD?

A
  • Cage rest
  • Diet control
  • Surgery to remove fragments
33
Q

What is degenerative joint disease (DJD)?

A
  • Type of osteoarthritis that causes lameness

- Develops when cartilage protecting the bone of the joint is detroyed

34
Q

What are some clinical signs of DJD?

A
  • Lameness
  • Pain with flexion of involved joints
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Decreased flexion/stiffness
  • Reduced activity
  • Muscle loss
35
Q

What are some causes of DJD?

A
  • Injury/trauma
  • Abnormal growth pattern
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Overworking joints
36
Q

What are the treatments for DJD?

A
  • AI’s
  • Diet
  • Fitness
37
Q

What are some possible bone tumours of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Osteosarcoma (malignant)
  • Osteoma (benign)
  • Fibrosarcoma (malignant)
  • Haemangiosarcoma (usually benign)
  • Chrondrosarcoma (malignant)
38
Q

What are some soft tissue tumours of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Fibrosarcoma (malignant)

- Haemangiosarcoma (usually benign)

39
Q

What clinical signs may be present with osteosarcomas?

A
  • Most commonly affect long bones

- Painful swelling

40
Q

Where do chondrosarcomas usually affect?

A

Ribs and nasal cavity

41
Q

Where do fibrosarcomas usually affect?

A

Bones of the axial skeleton including the skull and mandible

42
Q

What diagnostics can be done for a suspected musculoskeletal tumour?

A
  • Blood tests (haematology and biochemistry)
  • X-rays
  • Ultrasound
  • Biopsy
43
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with a musculoskeletal tumour?

A
  • Monitor vital signs
  • Soft comfortable bedding
  • Assisted walking
  • Medication under VS direction
  • Post-op care (tumour removal/amputation)
  • Assist with chemotherapy
  • Adequate nutrition
44
Q

What are myopathies?

A

Muscle disorder causing muscle damage as a result of failure of blood supply to the muscle

45
Q

What are some causes of myopathies?

A
  • Poor positioning
  • Lying on firm surfaces
  • Prolonged anaesthesia
  • Prolonged period of hypotension
46
Q

What are some clinical signs of myopathies?

A
  • Distress
  • Panting
  • Affected muscle with hard localised swelling
47
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a patient with myopathies?

A
  • IVFT
  • Pain relief under VS direction
  • Sedation
  • Massage
48
Q

What is exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Painful condition where muscles cramp and start to ‘dissolve’

49
Q

What clinical signs may be present with exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • Pain occurring after exercise
  • Painful muscles
  • Increased but shallow breathing
  • Tremors
  • Muscle contractions
  • Refusal to move
  • Acute onset hindlimb lameness
  • Collapse
  • Renal failure over time
50
Q

What are some causes of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • Overexertion
  • Muscle strain
  • Diet related deficiencies
  • High grain diet
  • Genetic
51
Q

What treatment can be done for a patient with exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • Pain control (AI’s/sedative)
  • IVFT + electrolytes
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Diet control
  • Warmth
  • Supplements

Patient Care 2 (13 decks)

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