Fluid therapy Flashcards
How could fluid be lost via sick animals?
- Vomit
- Reflux
- Diarrhoea
- Blood loss
- Discharge
What are the normal PCV values for cats, dogs and rabbits?
Cats = 24 - 45% Dogs = 37 - 55% Rabbits = 36 - 48%
What are the normal total protein values for cats and dogs?
Cats = 60 - 80g/litre Dogs = 50-70g/litre
What indications are there for fluid therapy?
- Maintenance of patient unable to eat/drink
- Replace fluid losses that have been removed by disease
- Correct dehydration
- Correct electrolyte imbalances
- Provide circulatory support for shock patient
- Assist removing toxins
- Cooling/warming patient
How do you calculate total volume requirement using
- The deficit
- Maintenance requirements
- Additional ongoing losses?
- Fluid deficit (mls) = % dehydration x bodyweight (kg) x 10
- Maintenance requirement = 50ml x bodyweight (kg) / 24 hours
- Additional ongoing losses (if present) mls = 4ml x bodyweight (kg) x episodes
What calculation can be done for hypovolaemic shock?
Initial rate of up to 20mls/kg/hr (10ml/kg/hr in cats)
-DO NOT EXCEED 1 HOUR
What calculation can be done for anaesthesia support in a healthy patient?
10ml/kg/hr
What indications may there be to do a blood transfusion?
- Hypovolaemic shock (Acute & severe blood loss)
- Anaemia
- Clotting disorders eg. severe thrombocytopenia (low number of platelets), anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication, DIC (deceminated intravascular coagulation = random clots around the body)
What indications may there be for a plasma transfusion?
- Albumin loss (main plasma protein in blood, malabsorption disorder and leaking albumin)
- Intravascular volume expansion
- Some clotting disorders
What circumstances are blood typing and cross matching necessary?
- Known to have a previous blood transfusion (more than 4-7 days ago)
- Unknown transfusion history
- History of transfusion reaction
- Previously had more than one pregnancies
- All cats
What is checked with blood when cross matching?
- Testing for micro and macro agglutination (are RBC’s clumping together) and haemolysis (check if RBC’s have burst)
- Check colour on slide (if yellow = normal, if red = RBC’s have burst
What is essential for a general blood donor?
- Healthy
- Vaccinated (not recently)
- Not pregnant
- Good age (1-8 years), weight (cats = 4.5kg+, dogs = 25kg+) and PCV (cats = >35%, dogs = >40%)
Explain how a blood sample must be collected for a blood transfusion
- Taken from jugular vein
- Sterile prep and clean stick required
- Collected into a prepared blood collection bag
- Collection bad will either contain Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) or citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD)
- Weigh to correct amount (too little = possible anticoagulant poisoning, too much = possible clotting)
- Gently rock bag to mix with anticoagulant
How long can blood be stored for blood transfusions and why?
- Ideally use within 6 hours to reduce inactivation of platelets and clotting factors and risk of bacterial growth
- ACD anticoagulant may be stored at 1-6*C for 21 days
- CPD anticoagulant may be stored at 1-6*C for 28 days
- Packed RBC’s (plasma removed) can be stored at 1-6*C for 21 days (up to 42 days ion additive been used)
What is the calculation for the volume of blood that can be transfused to cats and dogs?
Cats = 10-15mls/kg Dogs = 20mls/kg
