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Patient Care 2 > Reproductive disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Anorchia

A

Absence of testicles (rare)

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2
Q

Monorchidism

A

Single testicle

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3
Q

Crytorchidism

A

Usually unilateral and retrained within the abdomen

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4
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes

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5
Q

Phimosis

A
  • Inability to extrude the penis
  • Abnormality or small preputial orifice/congenital
  • Result in trauma or inflammation
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6
Q

Paraphimosis

A
  • Failure to retract penis into prepuce
  • Penis becomes dry and necrotic
  • Urethral obstruction may occur
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7
Q

Priapism

A

-Persistent enlargement in the absence of sexual excitement

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8
Q

What is pseudopregnancy and its clinical signs?

A
  • False pregnancy/phantom pregnancy
  • Anorexia/abdomen enlargement
  • Nest making
  • Nursing inanimate objects (toya)
  • Mammary development and lactation
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9
Q

What is pyometra and its clinical signs?

A
  • Serious infection of the womb/uterus
  • Pus filled womb caused by a bacterial infection
  • Malodorous
  • Creamy yellow to blood-stained vulval discharge
  • Lethargy
  • Inappetence
  • Pyrexia
  • Vomiting
  • Abdomen pain
  • PD/PU
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10
Q

What is endometritis?

A
  • Inflammation of the endometrium
  • Common cause of pyometra and infertility in the dog, less common in cats
  • Often caused by pathogenic micro-organisms
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11
Q

Neonate

A

First 7-14 days of life

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12
Q

Paediatric

A

Between 2 and 6 weeks of age

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13
Q

What are the expected mortality rates of puppies and kittens?

A
  • 20% die before they are 21 days old

- 70% of deaths occur in first week postpartum

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14
Q

What are some possible causes for neonatal deaths?

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Malnutrition and hypoglycaemia
  • Infectious disease
  • Hypothermia
  • Genetic defects (PDA/cleft palate/hydrocephalus)
  • Failure of passive transfer
  • Faecal impaction
  • Fading puppy syndrome
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15
Q

What is fading puppy syndrome characterised by?

A
  • Restlessness
  • Crying (starting shortly after birth)
  • Increasing weakness
  • Failure to nurse
  • Weight loss
  • Hypothermia
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16
Q

What are some possible causes of fading puppy syndrome?

A

Prepartum disease

  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Pregnancy toxamia

Post partum disease

  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Metritis
  • Mastitis
17
Q

What considerations should be made with neonatal in relation to their nervous system?

A
  • Not fully developed at birth (cannot shiver or regulate vessels)
  • Healthy neonates twitch whilst sleeping
  • Should respond to odour, touch and pain
  • Should show strong suckle and rooting
  • Withdrawal reflex should be present, but often slow
  • Menace reflex fully developed at 16 weeks of age
  • PLR should be present around 10 to 20 days of age and vision normal by 30 days
  • Full neurological exam performed around 6-8 weeks old
18
Q

What rectal temperatures would be expected for the first 4 weeks of a puppy/kitten?

A

First week = 35-37.2C
Second and third week = 36.1-37.8C
Fourth week = 37.8-38.9*C

19
Q

Why is thermoregulation in neonates difficult?

A
  • Nervous system not developed (unable to shiver, poor peripheral vasoconstriction in response to hypothermia)
  • Reduced cellular metabolism
  • Little body fat
  • Larger surface area:body weight ratio

BUT:

  • Poor peripheral perfusion = poor vasodilation in response to hyperthermia
  • Inability to pant
20
Q

How is blood pressure maintained in a neonatal?

A

With a high heart rate (200-220 BPM)

21
Q

Why are neonates naturally more susceptible to hypoxia?

A
  • Large metabolic requirement
  • Immature chemoreceptors
  • High compliance of body wall (need to work harder to take breath)
22
Q

What are some other potential conditions that could cause cardiorespiratory issues in neonates?

A
  • Aspiration of milk
  • Congenital defects (eg PDA, swimmers syndrome)
  • Decreased surfactant production in lung
  • Failure to manually stimulate first breath
  • Respiratory depressant drugs during caesarean
23
Q

How do neonates respond to hypoxia and what does this mean?

A
  • Respond with bradycardia and hypotension (150 BPM is concerning)
  • Patient with even mild respiratory distress can be fatal
24
Q

What treatment and nursing care can be done for a neonate in cardiorespiratory distress?

A
  • O2 administration (not exceeding 40-60%)
  • Stimulate new-born neonates if mum not available (tend to recover within 45 mins)
  • Consider IPPV
  • Reversal of any agents likely to cause respiratory depression (for opioids =nalaxone, for benzodiazepines = flumazenil)
  • Consider administration of doxapram
25
Q

Why is colostrum so important for neonates?

A
  • High quality nutrients (including protein and lipid) and immunoglobulins (IgG)
  • Essential during first 12-24 hours of life (intestinal barrier closes within 24 hours in puppies and 16 hours in kittens)
  • Ideally need to receive within first 8 hours (IgG colostrum decreased after first few hours)
26
Q

What can be done for a neonate if colostrum is not ingested?

A

150ml/kg s/c or IP of adult dog serum to deprived puppies has shown to produce serum IgG levels comparable with littermates that received colostrum

27
Q

What are some considerations for neonates in relation to nutrition?

A
  • Have limited glycogen storage, impaired glycogenesis and cannot concentrate urine therefore loose a lot of glucose
  • Hepatic storage depleted after 24 hours of starvation
28
Q

What are some possible reasons for malnourishment/hypoglycaemia in neonates?

A
  • Nonexistent (eg death of dam/queen, agalactia = lack of milk)
  • Insufficient (eg mastitis, large litter)
  • Genetic disorder (eg cleft palate, lack of suckle reflex)
  • Infection (V+/D+)
29
Q

What needs to be taken into consideration when using a milk substitute in neonates?

A
  • Dam/queen milk is high lipid

- Cows milk = rich in lactose but low in fat and protein

30
Q

What considerations must be made when feeding a neonate?

A
  • Assess the body temp and auscultate for gut sounds (hypothermia causes ileus, DO NOT FEED <34.4*C)
  • Check for suckling reflex
  • Bottle, syringe or orogastric tube
  • Care not to overly stretch the neck
  • Observe for sigs of overfeeding (milk at nostrils, regurgitation, abdominal distention or discomfort, D+)
31
Q

What are some clinical signs of emergency hypoglycaemia in neonates?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Weakness
  • Seizures
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
32
Q

What can prolonged hypoglycaemia result in?

A
  • <40mg/dL
  • Permanent brain damage
  • Myocardium damage
33
Q

What treatment is required for a neonate presenting with emergency hypoglycaemia?

A
  • IV dextrose boluses (2mL/kg of 12.5% dextrose)
  • Bolus should be followed by an infusion of isotonic fluids supplemented with 2.5% to 5% dextrose
  • If IV access not available, oral glucose can be administered
  • May require hourly dextrose boluses in addition to a dextrose-containing infusion
  • Blood glucose monitored regularly until hypoglycaemia stabilised
  • Care taken to prevent oversupplementation as prolonged hyperglycaemia may lead to osmotic diuresis, thereby worsening dehydration
  • Slow warming over 1-3 hours (hypoglycaemia will worsen if patient old enough to shiver)
  • Check body temp before feeding
34
Q

What considerations are needed for neonates in relation to urine?

A
  • Kidney function and development are incomplete
  • Nephrogenesis continues for at least 2 weeks after birth
  • Unable to concentrate urine
  • Glomerular filtration rate is decreased
  • Renal blood flow is dependant on arterial blood pressure (unable to regulate)
  • Dehydrated/hypotensive patients likely have renal impairment (more so than adult patients)
  • Caution when administering renally excreted or metabolised drugs
35
Q

What are some reasons for fluid therapy in neonates?

A
  • Infectious disease (eg Parvo/cat flu)
  • Decreased fluid intake
  • Increased fluid loss (eg flea burden causing blood loss, D+)
36
Q

What are some reasons for. neonates to have a higher fluid requirement?

A
  • Decreased body fat
  • Higher metabolic rate
  • Decreased renal concentrating ability
  • Greater surface area:body weight ratio
  • Increased respiratory rate lead to greater insensible fluid losses
37
Q

What are some clinical signs seen with dehydration in a neonate?

A
  • Pale MMs
  • Long CRT
  • Cold extremities
  • Lethargy
  • Decreased urine output
  • Reluctance to suckle
38
Q

Why is skin turgor not an accurate diagnostic for dehydration in neonates?

A

They have increased water content and decreased subcutaneous fat

39
Q

What clinical signs relating to dehydration would you expect to see in an adult patient but NOT in a neonate?

A
  • Tachycardia

- Concentrated urine

Patient Care 2 (13 decks)

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