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MD2001 Week 5 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general function of the kidneys?

A

Urine excretion

Endocrine organ

Homeostatic role controlling blood pressure, tissue osmolality, electrolyte and water balance, plasma pH

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2
Q

How does the body maintain blood/body water homeostasis?

A

Production of urine

It does this by removal from circulating blood of excess water etc

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3
Q

How do the kidneys monitor acid/base balance?

A

Excreting hydrogen ions during acidosis or bicarbonate ions during alkalosis

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4
Q

What do kidneys secrete to raise blood pressure?

A

Renin

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5
Q

What do kidneys secrete to accelerate RBC production?

A

Erythropoietin

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6
Q

What connects the kidney to the bladder?

A

Ureters

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7
Q

What is used as passage for urine out of the bladder?

A

Urethra

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8
Q

What encapsulates the kidney?

A

Retroperitoneal

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9
Q

What houses the nephrons in the kidneys?

A

Renal pyramids

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10
Q

Describe the progression of structures in the kidney

A

Minor calyces converge on major calyces which from the renal pelvis. The pelvis then becomes the ureter

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11
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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12
Q

What are the five structures in a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

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13
Q

What happens in the renal corpuscle?

A

Blood filtration

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14
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary

Superficial

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15
Q

What is the function of the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Designed to concentrate urine

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16
Q

What is the structure of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Glomeruli in inner cortical regions

Long nephron loops

17
Q

What is the main function of superficial nephrons?

A

Reabsorb large percentagte of fluid that filters vasculature

18
Q

What is the structure of superficial nephrons?

A

Glomeruli in outer cortical regions

Short nephron loops

19
Q

What percentage of renal supply do each type of nephrons receive?

A

Juxtamedullary- 10%

Superficial- 90%

20
Q

What is the structure of the ureters and bladder?

A

Muscular

21
Q

What is the muscle called in the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

22
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

23
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Cell are rounded and piled on top of each other, but flatten and spread out to cope with distension

24
Q

What is the structure of the muscle in the urethra?

A

Smooth but external sphincter are striated

25
Q

What gives the glomeruli its filtrating characteristics?

A

The lining of the wall has small gaps called fenestrations

These act as a sieve

26
Q

How does the filtrate get pulled through the fenestrations?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

27
Q

What are the two pathways to reabsorb molecules?

A

Paracellular

Transcellular

28
Q

Where does a lot of reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal tubule

29
Q

How is sodium reabsorbed?

A

Through the counter current multiplication mechanism

30
Q

Describe the counter current multiplication mechanism

A

As the urine travels down the descending thin limb water is absorbed due to the change in osmolality

Once the solution travels around the loop and up the ascending think limb, sodium is absorbed

The sodium can be absorbed because a change in structure does not allow water to be absorbed into the solution. This creates an osmotic imbalance

31
Q

How much does the proximal tubule recover?

A

2/3 of fluid and up to 100% of the some solute

32
Q

How is glucose absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

Sodium co-transport

33
Q

What is sodium reabsorption driven by in proximal tubule?

A

Basolateral sodium potassium ATPase through cotransport with organic solutes

34
Q

Where does chlorine absorption take place and how?

A

Late proximal tubule

Paracellular route or via chlorine base exchanger

35
Q

What is micturition?

A

Peeing

36
Q

What is the size of the average litre?

A

Half a litre

37
Q

How do we control micturition?

A

Parasympathetic NS simulates bladder contraction and relaxation of external sphincter

CNS is required to signal relaxation of external sphincter

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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