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MD2001 Week 5 > Structure and Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What does the epithelia have functions in?

A

Secretion, absorption, transport, barrier and strength/support.

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2
Q

What does the epithelia cover?

A

Cover all surfaces with sheets of cells.

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3
Q

What is the basic structure of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis and then hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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4
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

Avascular epithelium undergoes proliferation.

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5
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Synthesises keratin.

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6
Q

What is the structure of the dermis?

A

Vascular, tough (leather).

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7
Q

What does the transport function of the dermis involve?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics and cutaneous nerves.

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8
Q

What is involved in the structural role of the dermis?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres not replaced with age.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia- varies in thickness.

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10
Q

What are the transport vessels present in the hypodermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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11
Q

What tissue is present in the hypodermis?

A

Fatty tissue- adipose tissue.

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12
Q

What types of “skin” are present in the hypodermis?

A

Skin ligaments, loose skin or taut skin (implication in scarring and incisions).

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13
Q

What are the dangers of burns?

A

Fluid loss and infection.

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14
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Temp regulation

Internal homeostasis

Sensation

Psycho-social signals

Protection

Metabolic

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15
Q

What is the metabolic function of the skin?

A

Vitamin D and fat store.

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16
Q

What is the protective role of the skin?

A

UV-melanin

Organisms- immune

Chemicals- keratin.

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17
Q

What are the different types of stratum in the thick skin?

A

S. Corneum

S. Lucidum

S. Granulosum

S. Spinosum

S. Basale.

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18
Q

What occurs in S. Corneum?

A

Water proof cell ghosts.

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19
Q

What occurs in S. Lucidum?

A

Specialised cell death programme.

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20
Q

What is stored in S. Granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin granules.

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21
Q

What process occurs in S. Granulosum?

A

Keratin aggregation.

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22
Q

What occurs in S. Spinosum?

A

IF (keratin) linkage via desmosomes.

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23
Q

What happens in S. Basale?

A

Cell division (stem cells).

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24
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

They anchor basal cells to basal lamina.

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25
Q

What anchors the dermis to the basal lamina?

A

Collagen VII (binds epidermis to dermis).

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26
Q

What causes blistering in burns?

A

Collagen VII mutated in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

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27
Q

What is expressed in the stratum spinosum?

A

Intermediate filaments (keratin) K1/K10.

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28
Q

What links the stratum spinosum between cells?

A

Desmosomes.

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29
Q

What controls the expression pattern of keratin?

A

The differentiation program.

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30
Q

What aids in cornification?

A

Filaggrin in keratohyline granules.

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31
Q

What maintains the optimal skin barrier?

A

Filaggrin and its precursor profilaggrin.

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32
Q

What is the main component of keratohyaline granules in the S. granulosum?

A

Filaggrin and its precursor.

33
Q

What are the two specific functions of filaggrin?

A

Aids keratin filament aggregation and inhibits water loss.

34
Q

How does filaggrin inhibit water loss?

A

Filaggrin cleaved into amino acids which aid in maintaining moisture.

35
Q

What is the most common cause of keratinization disorders?

A

Mutations.

36
Q

What is the most common disease associated with mutations in filaggrin?

A

Eczema- in 50% of severe eczema cases.

37
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

In the basal layer of the epidermis.

38
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Synthesise and release brown pigment melanin.

39
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

Absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to the underlying cells of the hypodermis.

40
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

The tumour of the skin cells and is caused by exposure to UV radiation.

41
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Specialised lysosomes that undergo exocytosis.

42
Q

What are melanosomes transferred to?

A

Keratinocytes.

43
Q

What are Langerhans cells derived from?

A

Monocytes.

44
Q

What is the structure of the Langerhans cells?

A

Macrophage like, dendritic in form.

45
Q

Where are the Langerhans cells found?

A

Most in the stratum spinosum.

46
Q

What is the function of the Langerhans cells?

A

Capture, process and present antigens.

47
Q

Where are the Langerhans cells activated?

A

Activated in the skin but migrate to lymph nodes.

48
Q

How do the Langerhans cells elicit an immune response?

A

Express Langerin which helps degrade viruses.

49
Q

What is the Dermo-epidermal junction?

A

It is complex to prevent shearing.

50
Q

What happens to the Papillae with age?

A

They flatten and the skin becomes more vulnerable.

51
Q

What is the papillary dermis made of?

A

Comprises fine collagen and elastic fibres, small blood vessels and nerves.

52
Q

What comprises the reticular dermis?

A

Coarser collagen and elastic fibres and larger blood vessels and nerves.

53
Q

What does the hypodermis consist of?

A

Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, varies in thickness in different parts of the body.

54
Q

What does the hypodermis support?

A

Deepest part of hair follicles and eccrine and apocrine glands.

55
Q

What vitamin does the hypodermis produce?

A

Vitamin D.

56
Q

What in the hypodermis determines mobility of skin?

A

Skin ligaments determine the mobility of skin.

57
Q

When is skin mobility important?

A

In scarring and incisions.

58
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands produce?

A

A watery fluid.

59
Q

Where do the eccrine sweat glands lie?

A

In the dermis and superficial fascia. Duct opens onto the surface of the skin.

60
Q

What controls the eccrine sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

61
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

In the axillae and genital region.

62
Q

Where and what do the apocrine sweat glands release?

A

Open into hair follicles and release a milky secretion containing pheromones.

63
Q

What is the function of hair follicles?

A

Cylindrical, epithelial structures anchored in the hypodermis.

64
Q

What is the hair shaft composed of?

A

Keratin.

65
Q

What is the follicle associated with?

A

Sebaceous glands that open into the follicle.

66
Q

What do hair follicles secrete?

A

Sebum to lubricate the hair and adjacent skin.

67
Q

What does the pilosebaceous unit consist of?

A

Hair follicle+sebaceous glands+hair shaft+arrector pili.

68
Q

What is the arrector pili attached to?

A

Attached to the papillary dermis and to the sheath of the follicle.

69
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle pulls the hair upright (goose bumps) and is controlled by the SNS.

70
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Modified apocrine sweat glands- lactation under hormonal control.

71
Q

What is the structure of the nail?

A

Nail plate formed from keratin which rests on the nail bed.

72
Q

Where does the nail grow from?

A

Growth from the nail root which passes deep into the dermis.

73
Q

What is the structure of the tooth?

A

Enamel of the teeth develops from the epithelium, dentine, pulp and periodontal membrane is mesodermal.

74
Q

What is the periodontal membrane?

A

A fibrous joint between teeth and the skull.

75
Q

How does the body sense pain?

A

Nociceptors fire when tissues are being damages (free nerve endings).

76
Q

How does the body sense temperature?

A

Separate receptors for cold and heat (free nerve endings).

77
Q

How does the body sense touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle/fine touch Merkel cells (just beneath the epidermis).

78
Q

How does the body sense pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles (dermis).

79
Q

How does the body sense vibration?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscle (dermis).

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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