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MD2001 Week 5 > Structure and Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What does the epithelia have functions in?

A

Secretion, absorption, transport, barrier and strength/support.

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2
Q

What does the epithelia cover?

A

Cover all surfaces with sheets of cells.

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3
Q

What is the basic structure of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis and then hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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4
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

Avascular epithelium undergoes proliferation.

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5
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Synthesises keratin.

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6
Q

What is the structure of the dermis?

A

Vascular, tough (leather).

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7
Q

What does the transport function of the dermis involve?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics and cutaneous nerves.

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8
Q

What is involved in the structural role of the dermis?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres not replaced with age.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

A

Superficial fascia- varies in thickness.

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10
Q

What are the transport vessels present in the hypodermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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11
Q

What tissue is present in the hypodermis?

A

Fatty tissue- adipose tissue.

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12
Q

What types of “skin” are present in the hypodermis?

A

Skin ligaments, loose skin or taut skin (implication in scarring and incisions).

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13
Q

What are the dangers of burns?

A

Fluid loss and infection.

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14
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A

Temp regulation

Internal homeostasis

Sensation

Psycho-social signals

Protection

Metabolic

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15
Q

What is the metabolic function of the skin?

A

Vitamin D and fat store.

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16
Q

What is the protective role of the skin?

A

UV-melanin

Organisms- immune

Chemicals- keratin.

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17
Q

What are the different types of stratum in the thick skin?

A

S. Corneum

S. Lucidum

S. Granulosum

S. Spinosum

S. Basale.

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18
Q

What occurs in S. Corneum?

A

Water proof cell ghosts.

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19
Q

What occurs in S. Lucidum?

A

Specialised cell death programme.

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20
Q

What is stored in S. Granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin granules.

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21
Q

What process occurs in S. Granulosum?

A

Keratin aggregation.

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22
Q

What occurs in S. Spinosum?

A

IF (keratin) linkage via desmosomes.

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23
Q

What happens in S. Basale?

A

Cell division (stem cells).

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24
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

They anchor basal cells to basal lamina.

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25
What anchors the dermis to the basal lamina?
Collagen VII (binds epidermis to dermis).
26
What causes blistering in burns?
Collagen VII mutated in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
27
What is expressed in the stratum spinosum?
Intermediate filaments (keratin) K1/K10.
28
What links the stratum spinosum between cells?
Desmosomes.
29
What controls the expression pattern of keratin?
The differentiation program.
30
What aids in cornification?
Filaggrin in keratohyline granules.
31
What maintains the optimal skin barrier?
Filaggrin and its precursor profilaggrin.
32
What is the main component of keratohyaline granules in the S. granulosum?
Filaggrin and its precursor.
33
What are the two specific functions of filaggrin?
Aids keratin filament aggregation and inhibits water loss.
34
How does filaggrin inhibit water loss?
Filaggrin cleaved into amino acids which aid in maintaining moisture.
35
What is the most common cause of keratinization disorders?
Mutations.
36
What is the most common disease associated with mutations in filaggrin?
Eczema- in 50% of severe eczema cases.
37
Where are melanocytes found?
In the basal layer of the epidermis.
38
What is the function of melanocytes?
Synthesise and release brown pigment melanin.
39
What is the function of melanin?
Absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to the underlying cells of the hypodermis.
40
What is a melanoma?
The tumour of the skin cells and is caused by exposure to UV radiation.
41
What are melanosomes?
Specialised lysosomes that undergo exocytosis.
42
What are melanosomes transferred to?
Keratinocytes.
43
What are Langerhans cells derived from?
Monocytes.
44
What is the structure of the Langerhans cells?
Macrophage like, dendritic in form.
45
Where are the Langerhans cells found?
Most in the stratum spinosum.
46
What is the function of the Langerhans cells?
Capture, process and present antigens.
47
Where are the Langerhans cells activated?
Activated in the skin but migrate to lymph nodes.
48
How do the Langerhans cells elicit an immune response?
Express Langerin which helps degrade viruses.
49
What is the Dermo-epidermal junction?
It is complex to prevent shearing.
50
What happens to the Papillae with age?
They flatten and the skin becomes more vulnerable.
51
What is the papillary dermis made of?
Comprises fine collagen and elastic fibres, small blood vessels and nerves.
52
What comprises the reticular dermis?
Coarser collagen and elastic fibres and larger blood vessels and nerves.
53
What does the hypodermis consist of?
Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, varies in thickness in different parts of the body.
54
What does the hypodermis support?
Deepest part of hair follicles and eccrine and apocrine glands.
55
What vitamin does the hypodermis produce?
Vitamin D.
56
What in the hypodermis determines mobility of skin?
Skin ligaments determine the mobility of skin.
57
When is skin mobility important?
In scarring and incisions.
58
What do eccrine sweat glands produce?
A watery fluid.
59
Where do the eccrine sweat glands lie?
In the dermis and superficial fascia. Duct opens onto the surface of the skin.
60
What controls the eccrine sweat glands?
Sympathetic nervous system.
61
Where are apocrine sweat glands found?
In the axillae and genital region.
62
Where and what do the apocrine sweat glands release?
Open into hair follicles and release a milky secretion containing pheromones.
63
What is the function of hair follicles?
Cylindrical, epithelial structures anchored in the hypodermis.
64
What is the hair shaft composed of?
Keratin.
65
What is the follicle associated with?
Sebaceous glands that open into the follicle.
66
What do hair follicles secrete?
Sebum to lubricate the hair and adjacent skin.
67
What does the pilosebaceous unit consist of?
Hair follicle+sebaceous glands+hair shaft+arrector pili.
68
What is the arrector pili attached to?
Attached to the papillary dermis and to the sheath of the follicle.
69
What is the function of the arrector pili?
Contraction of smooth muscle pulls the hair upright (goose bumps) and is controlled by the SNS.
70
What are mammary glands?
Modified apocrine sweat glands- lactation under hormonal control.
71
What is the structure of the nail?
Nail plate formed from keratin which rests on the nail bed.
72
Where does the nail grow from?
Growth from the nail root which passes deep into the dermis.
73
What is the structure of the tooth?
Enamel of the teeth develops from the epithelium, dentine, pulp and periodontal membrane is mesodermal.
74
What is the periodontal membrane?
A fibrous joint between teeth and the skull.
75
How does the body sense pain?
Nociceptors fire when tissues are being damages (free nerve endings).
76
How does the body sense temperature?
Separate receptors for cold and heat (free nerve endings).
77
How does the body sense touch?
Meissner's corpuscle/fine touch Merkel cells (just beneath the epidermis).
78
How does the body sense pressure?
Pacinian corpuscles (dermis).
79
How does the body sense vibration?
Meissner's corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscle (dermis).

MD2001 Week 5 (10 decks)

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