Urinary System Flashcards
The compact ball of capillaries in a nephron is called?
the glomerulus
Which of these is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood? uric acid, urea, ammonia, creatinine, albumin
urea
Which of these lies closest to the renal cortex? the parietal peritoneum, the renal facia, the fibrous capsule, the perirenal fat capsule, the renal pelvis
the fibrous capsule
Most sodium is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by
the proximal convoluted tubule
A glomerulus and glomerular capsule
renal corpuscle
The kidney has more _____ than any of the other structures listed. (arcuate arteries, minor calyces, medullary pyramids, afferent arterioles, collecting ducts)
afferent arterioles
The renal clearance of ______ is normally zero.
amino acids
Beavers have relatively little need to conserve water and could therefore be expected to have _______ than humans do.
shorter nephron loops
Increased ADH secretion should cause the urine to have
a higher specific gravity
________ is the ability of a nephron to adjust its GFR independently of nervous or hormonal influences.
renal autoregulation
The two ureters and the urethra form the boundaries of a smooth area called the ____ on the floor of the urinary bladder.
trigone
The _____ is a group of epithelial cells of the nephron loop that monitors the flow or composition of the tubular fluid.
macula densa
To enter the capsular space, filtrate must pass between foot processes of the ____, cells that form the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
podocytes
Glycosuria occurs if the rate of glomerular filtration of the glucose exceeds the _____ of the proximal convoluted tubule.
transport maximum
______ is a hormone that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct.
ADH
The _____ sphincter is under involuntary control and relaxes during the micturition reflex.
internal urethral
Very little _____ is found in the glomerular filtrate because it is negatively charged and is repelled by the basement membrane of the glomerulus.
protein
Blood flows through the _______ arteries just before entering the interlobular arteries.
arcuate
The 6 organs of the urinary system
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
The smooth muscle of the internal urethral sphincter is under _____ control, and the skeletal muscle of the external urethral sphincter is under _____ control.
involuntary, voluntary
The 3 regions of the male urethra
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy (penile) urethra
The kidneys filters _____ _____, separates waste from useful chemicals, returns useful substances to blood, and eliminates _____.
blood plasma, wastes
The kidneys regulate _____ volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving _____
blood, water
The kidneys regulate the _____ of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and _____ eliminated
osmolarity, solutes
The kidneys secrete the enzyme _____ which activates horomonal mechanisms that control _____ pressure and _____ balance.
renin, blood, electrolyte
The kidneys secrete the hormone _____ which stimulates the production of red blood cells.
Erythropoietin
The kidneys collaborate with the lungs to regulate the _____ and _____ _____ balance of body fluids.
PCO2, acid-base
The kidneys perform the final step in synthesizing the hormone _____ which contributes to calcium homeostasis.
calcitrol
The kidneys engage in _____ from amino acids in extreme starvation.
gluconeogenesis
These four systems carry out excretion
respiratory, integumentary, digestive and urinary
The _____ system excretes CO2 and small amount of other gases and water.
respiratory
The _____ system excretes water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea via sweating.
integumentary
The _____ system excretes water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, other metabolic waste and food residue.
digestive
The _____ system excretes many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+ and water.
urinary
Urea formation occurs in the breakdown of _____ to amino acids. Then, _____ is removed to form ammonia, which the _____ converts to urea.
proteins, NH2, liver
_____ _____ is a product of nucleic acid catabolism
uric acid
_____ is a product of creatine phosphate catabolism
creatinine
_____ _____ _____ is an expression of the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood. Normal concentration is 10-20 mg/dl.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
_____ is elevated BUN and indicates renal insufficiency.
azotemia
_____ is a syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia stemming from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste. Treatment is hemodialysis or organ transplant.
uremia
The kidneys lie against the posterior _____ _____ at the level of T12 to L3. The _____ kidney is slightly lower due to large lobe of liver. Rib 12 crosses the middle of the _____ kidney. The kidneys are _____ along with the ureters, urinary bladder, renal artery and vein and adrenal glands.
abdominal wall, right, left, retroperitoneal
The kidneys receive ___% of cardiac output known as the _____ fraction.
21, renal
Kidneys account for only ___% of body weight.
0.4
Each kidney is supplied by a _____ _____ arising from the aorta. Each one divides into segmental arteries that give rise to interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles and balls of capillaries.
renal artery
_____ arteries penetrate each renal column and travels between the pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction, the boundary between the cortex and the medulla.
interlobar
Interlobar arteries form _____ arteries, which make a sharp 90 degree bend and travel along the base of each pyramid.
arcuate
Each arcuate artery gives rise to several _____ arteries, which pass upward into the cortex.
interlobular
As an interlobular artery ascends through the cortex, a series of _____ _____ arise from it at nearly right angles like limbs arising from the trunk of a tree. Each one supplies one functional unit of the kidney called a _____.
afferent arterioles, nephron
The afferent arteriole leads to a ball of capillaries called a _____, enclosed in a nephron structure called the glomerular capsule.
glomerulus
Blood leaves the glomerulus by way of an _____ _____
efferent arteriole
The efferent arteriole usually leads to a plexus of _____ capillaries which form a network around another part of the nephron, the _____ _____
peritubular, renal tubule
The renal tubule reabsorbs most of the _____ and _____ that filtered out of the blood at the _____ and returns these to the bloodstream by way of _____ capillaries.
water, solutes, glomerulus, peritubular
The peritubular cavities carry away the reabsorbed water and solutes to the _____ veins, _____ veins _____ veins and the ____vein, which then leaves the hilum and drain into the _____ _____ _____.
interlobular (cortical radiate), arcuate, interlobar, renal, inferior vena cava
The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
Each kidney has ___ million nephrons
1.2
Each nephron is composed of two principle parts: the renal _____ and the renal _____.
corpuscle, tubule
The renal _____ filters the blood plasma.
corpuscle
The renal _____ is a long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine.
tubule
The renal corpuscle consists of the _____ and a two-layered glomerular (_____) capsule that encloses the _____.
glomerulus, Bowman, glomerulus
The _____ layer of the Bowman capsule is made of simple squamous epitherlium.
parietal (outer)
The _____ layer of the Bowman capsule consists of elaborate cells called _____ that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus.
visceral (inner), podocytes
_____ space separates the two layers of the Bowman capsule.
capsular
The 4 parts of the renale tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
The _____ _____ tubule arises from the glomerular capsule. It is the longest and most coiled region. It is made up of simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent _____ for a majority of absorption.
Proximal convoluted, microvilli
The _____ loop or loop of _____ is a long U-shaped portion of the renal tubule. It has a descending limb and an ascending limb. It is heavily engaged in the active transport of _____ and has many _____. The cells are very permeable to _____.
nephron, Henle, salts, mitochondria, water
The _____ _____ _____ begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex.
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
The _____ _____ receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla.
collecting duct
Glomerular filtrate collects in the _____ _____and then flows into the _____ _____ _____.
capsular space, proximal convoluted tubule
The afferent arteriole is _____ than the efferent arteriole.
larger
Most molecules that are smaller than ___ nm do not filtrate into the kidneys.
8
Almost any molecule smaller than ___ nm can pass freely through the filtration membrane. They include water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes and vitamins.
3
Some substances of low molecular weight are bound to the _____ _____ and cannot get through the membrane. These include most calcium, iron, and thyroid hormone.
plasma proteins
Kidney infections and trauma can damage the filtration membrane and allow _____ or _____ _____ to filter.
albumin, blood cells
_____ is the presence of protein in the urine.
Proteinuria (albuminuria)
_____ is the presence of blood in the urine
hematuria
Distrance runner and swimmers often experience temporary proteinuria or hematuria. Prolonged, strenuous exercise greatly reduces _____ of the kidneys. The _____ deteriorates under prolonged hypoxia.
profusion, glomerulus
_____ _____ is the fluid in the capsular space. It is similar to blood plasma except that it has almost no _____.
glomerular filtrate, protein
_____ _____ is fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule. Substances have been removed or added by _____ _____.
Tubular fluid, tubular cells
_____ is fluid that enters the collecting duct. It undergoes little alteration beyond this point except for changes in _____ content.
Urine, water
The 3 stages in urine formation
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption and secretion
water conservation
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is driven by _____ _____
blood pressure
The _____ _____ _____ is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the 2 kidneys combined. It equals 180 L/day in _____ and 150 L/day in _____
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), males, females
The total amount of filtrate produced equals 50-60 times the amount of _____ in the body.
blood
___% of filtrate is reabsorbed since only 1-2 liters of urine are excreted/day.
99
If GFR rises above normal (high blood pressure), the flow of tubular fluid _____ and more _____ is reabsorbed. The macula densa stimulates the _____ _____ cells with a paracrine messenger. These cells contract, which constricts the _____ _____, thus reducing GFR to normal.
increases, NaCl, juxtaglomerular apparatus (JA), afferent arteriole
If GFR falls below normal, the macula densa _____ the afferent arterioles and mesangial cells. Blood flow _____ and GFR rises back to normal.
relaxes, increases
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is stimulated by _____ and the _____ nervous system.
hypotension, sympathetic
If blood pressure drops dramatically, _____ is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells.
renin
Renin converts _____, a blood protein, into _____.
angiotensinogen, angiotensin I
In the lungs and kidneys, _____ _____ _____ converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, the active hormone in the renin-angiotension-aldosterone mechanism that works in several ways to restore fluid volume and blood pressure.
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
_____ is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is to increase blood pressure. It acts on the _____ _____ _____. It functions to control blood fluid volume by conserving sodium, retaining water, and excreting potassium.
Aldosterone, distal convoluted tubule
_____ mimics aldosterone effects.
Estrogen
In tubular _____ water and solutes move from the tubule to peritubular capillaries, which means it returns to the _____.
reabsorption, bloodstream
In tubular _____ water and solutes move from peritubular capillaries back to the tubules to create _____.
secretion, urine
The 3 factors that promote osmosis into the peritubular capillaries
high colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in the blood
low blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) in the capillaries
high hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid
_____ _____ is the process in which the renal tubule extracts chemical from the capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid.
tubular secretion
In ____ _____, urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, catecholamines, protaglandins and a little creatine are secreted into the tubule. Secretion of _____ _____ compensates for its reabsorption earlier in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). This clears the blood of pollutants, morphone, penicillin, aspirin and other drugs. This explain the need to take prescriptions 3-4 times a day to keep pace with the rate of clearance.
waste removal, uric acid
The acid-base balance involves the secretion of _____ and _____ _____ to help regulate the _____ of the body fluids.
hydrogen, bicarbonate ions, pH
3 stages by which the kidneys convert blood plasma into urine
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, and water conservation
_____ _____ is the fluid in the capsular space. It is blood plasma without protein.
glomerular filtrate
_____ _____ is fluid in the renal tubule. It is similar to glomerular filtrate except tubular cells have removed and added substances.
tubular fluid
Tubular fluid becomes _____ once it enters the collecting duct. The only remaining change is in the _____ content.
urine, water
PCT reabsorbs ___% of glomerular filtrate and returns it to _____ _____. Much reabsorption by osmosis and cotransport mechanisms are linked to the active transport of _____.
65, peritubular capillaries, sodium
The nephron loop reabsorbs ___% of glomerular filtrate.
25
DCT reabsorbs Na+, Cl- and water under hormonal control, especially _____ and _____.
aldosterone, ANP
The tubules also extract drugs, wastes, and some solutes from the blood and secrete them into the _____ _____.
tubular fluid
DCT completes the process of determining the _____ _____ of urine.
chemical composition
The _____ _____ conserves water.
collecting duct
PCT reabsorbs about 65% of _____ _____, removes some substances from the _____, and secretes them into the _____ _____ for disposal in urine. 2/3 of _____ in filtrate is reabsorbed by the PCT.
glomerular filtrate, blood, tubular fluid, water
The kidneys reduce 180 L of glomerular filtrate to _____ L of urine each day.
1-2
Reabsorptionof all the salt and organic solutes makes the tubule cells and tissue fluid _____. Water follows the solutes by osmosis through both paracellular and transcellular routes through water channels called _____. In PCT, water is reabsorbed at a constant rate called _____ _____ _____.
hypertonic, aquaporins, obligatory water reabsorption
In the proximal convoluted tubule the amount of glucose is limited by the number of _____ _____ in the plasma membrane. If all the transporters are occupied as solute molecules pass, then _____ solutes appear in urine. Transport maximum is reached when transporters are _____. Each solute has its own transport maximum. Any blood glucose level above 220 mg/dL results in _____.
transport proteins, excess, saturated, glycosuria
The primary function of the _____ _____ is to generate the salinity gradient that enables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve _____.
nephron loop, water
The role of DCT is to concentrate _____ by reabsorbing water. Water then reenters the _____.
urine, bloodstream
_____ _____ is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary. It responds to dehydration and rising blood osmolarity. These stimulate the _____, which in turn stimulates the posterior pituitary. This secretion makes the _____ _____ more permeable to water. This way, water in the _____ _____ reenters the tissue fluid and bloodstream rather than being lost in urine.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), hypothalamus, collecting duct, tubular fluid
Water _____ occurs upon drinking large volumes of water which produce a large volume of _____ urine.
diuresis, hypotonic
_____ causes the urine to become scanty and more concentrated making it _____. High blood osmolarity stimulates the posterior pituitary to release _____ thereby concentrating the urine.
dehydration, hypertonic, ADH
If blood pressure is low in a dehydrated person, _____ will be low. As the filtrate moves more slowly, there is more time for _____. In this way, more _____ is removed, more _____ is reabsorbed, and less urine is produced.
GFR, reabsoprtion, salt, water
_____ is the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine
urinalysis
_____ is pus in the urine
pyuria
_____ is blood in the urine due to a urinary tract infection, trauma, or kidney stones
hematuria
_____ is an output of urine in excess of 2 L per day
polyuria
_____ is a urinary output of less than 500 mL per day. The body cannot maintain a safe, low concentration of waste in the plasma.
oliguria
_____ is a urinary output of 0 to 100 mL per day. Could be from kidney disease, dehydration, circulatory shock or prostate enlargement.
anuria
_____ is any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic polyuria
diabetes
In diabetes mellitus type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, there is a high concentration of _____ is the renal tubule. This opposes the osmotic reabsorption of _____ causing osmotic diuresis.
glucose, water
_____ is the presence of glucose in the urine
glycosuria
In diabetes _____ ADH hyposecretion causes insufficient water reabsorption in the collecting duct, so more water passes in the urine.
insipidus
A _____ _____ is a hard granule of calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, or a magnesium salt called struvite. Causes include hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalances, frequent UTIs, or enlarged prostate gland causing urine retention. Treatment includes stone dissolving drugs, often surgery, or _____, a non surgical technique that pulverizes stones with ultrasound.
renal calculus (kidney stone), lithotripsy
_____ is infection of the urinary bladder. It is especially common in females due to short urethra.
cystitis
_____ is infection of the renal pelvis. It can spread from cystitis.
pyelitis
_____ is infection that reaches the cortex and nephrons. It can result from blood-born bacteria.
pyelonephritis
_____ are any chemicals that increase urine volume. They are commonly used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure by reducing the body’s fluid volume and blood pressure.
diuretics
