The Lymphatic System Flashcards
The Lymphatic and Immune Systems maintain ______ balance and protect body from _____ and ______.
fluid, infection, disease
Fluid continually filters from the _____ ______ into the ______ spaces. The blood capillaries reabsorb about ___%. 15% (2 – 4 L/day) of the _____ and about half of the ______ ______ enters lymphatic system and then returned to the blood.
blood capillaries, tissue, 85, water, plasma proteins
As the lymphatic system recovers excess tissue fluid, it also picks up _____ ____ and _______ from the tissues. On its way back to the bloodstream, the fluid passes through _____ _____ where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter. When they detect anything potentially harmful, they activate a _______ ______ _______.
foreign cells, chemicals, lymph nodes, protective immune response
In the small intestine, special lymphatic vessels called _______ absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the _____ ______.
lacteals, blood capillaries
The recovered fluid:
lymph
The ______ ______ transport the lymph.
lymphatic vessels
The ______ _____ are composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body.
lymphatic tissues
Defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs. They are set off from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules.
lymphatic organs
_______ is usually a clear, colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma but low in ______. It originates as tissue/extracellular fluid that has been drawn into lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph, protein
A ______ ______ consists of a sac of this endothelial cells. The cells are tethered to surrounding tissue by ______ filaments. They are _____ at one end. The gaps between them are large enough to allow ______ and cells entrance to lymphatic capillary. The overlapping edges of the ______ cells act as valve-like flaps that open with interstitial ______ ______.
lymphatic capillary, protein, closed, bacteria, endothelial, fluid pressure
The lymphatic vessels form in the embryo by budding from the vein. The larger ones have a _____ _____ with endothelium and valves, a _____ _____ with elastic fibers and smooth muscle, and a thin outer _____ _____.
tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
As the lymphatic vessels converge along their path, they become ______ and ______.
larger, larger
The ____ _____ ____ receives lymph from the right arm, right side of head and thorax, and empties into the ____ _____ ____.
right lymphatic duct, right subclavian vein
The _____ _____, on the left, is _____ and _____. It begins as a prominent sac in the abdomen called the ____ ____, receives lymph from below the diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax, and empties into the ____ _____ ____.
thoracic duct, larger, longer, cisterna chyli, left subclavian vein
Lymph flows at even lower pressure and speed than ____ _____. The flow is aided by the ______ _____ _____. Exercise greatly _____ lymphatic return. _____ _____ rhythmically squeeze lymphatic vessels.
venous blood, skeletal muscle pump, increases, arterial pulsation
The ____ _____ aids flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity. Valves prevent ______ flow. Rapidly flowing blood in _____ ____, draws lymph into it.
thoracic pump, backward, subclavian veins
______ ______ cells are large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, and host cells that are infected with viruses or have turned cancerous. They are responsible for ______ ______. These are not involved in specific defense like the ___ and ____ cells.
Natural killer (NK), non-specific surveillance, T, B
___ _______ are lymphocytes that mature in the thymus.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
___ ______ are lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells – connective tissue cells that secrete the _________ of the immune system.
B lymphocytes (B cells), antibodies
All lymphocytes originate in ____ ____ ____.
red bone marrow
T-cell precursors travel to the ______ to differentiate into T-cells.
Thymus
B-cells originate in ____ ____ ____ and migrate to the _____ and lymph nodes.
red bone marrow, spleen
The red bone marrow and thymus are regarded as _____ _____ _____ because they are the sites where B and T lymphocytes become ________: able to recognize and respond to antigens.
primary lymphatic organs, immunocompetent
The lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen are called _____ _____ _____ because they are populated with _________ lymphocytes.
secondary lymphatic organs, immunocompetent
The _____ is a member of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems. It houses developing ________ and secretes ______ that regulate their later activity. There is remarkable ______ with age.
thymus, lymphocytes, hormones, degeneration
______ _____ are the most numerous lymphatic organs, numbering about ____ in a typical young adult. They serve two functions: to cleanse the _____ and to act as a site for ___ and ___ cell activation. ___ cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells.
Lymph nodes, 450, lymph, T, B, B
Several ____ ____ ____ lead into the lymph node along its convex surface. Lymph leaves the node through one to three _____ _____ ____ that leave the hilum.
afferent lymphatic vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels
______ lymph nodes occur in deep and superficial groups in the neck, and monitor lymph coming from the head and neck.
Cervical
_______ lymph nodes are concentrated in the armpit and receive lymph from the upper limb and the female breast.
Axillary
______ lymph nodes occur in the thoracic cavity, especially embedded in the mediastinum, and receive lymph from the mediastinum, lungs, and airway.
Thoracic
_______ lymph nodes occur in the posterior abdominopelvic wall and monitor lymph from the urinary and reproductive systems.
Abdominal
________ and _______ lymph nodes are found in the mesenteries and adjacent to the appendix and intestines; they monitor lymph from the digestive tract.
Intestinal, mesenteric
_______ lymph nodes occur in the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb.
Inguinal
_______ lymph nodes occur at the back of the knee and receive lymph from the leg proper.
Popliteal
The collective term for all lymph node diseases is ________.
lymphadenopathy
Swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
lymphadentis
Lymph nodes are common sites of ______ _____. Cancerous lymph nodes are wollen but relatively _____ and usually _______.
metastatic cancer, firm, painless
_________ is a phenomena in which cancerous cells break free of the original _____ tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors.
Metastasis
Metastasizing cancer cells can easily enter the ______ vessels. They tend to spread to the next node _______.
lymphatic, downstream
The _______ is the body’s largest lymphatic organ. It produces blood cells in the _____. It is a blood ______. It is an “______ ______” - old fragile RBCs rupture as they squeeze through the capillary walls into the sinuses. Lymphocytes and macrophages of the white pulp monitor the blood for foreign ______.
spleen, fetus, reservoir, erythrocyte graveyard, antigens
________ are environmental agents capable of producing disease. They include _____ _____, _____ _____, and _______.
Pathogens, infectious organisms, toxic chemicals, radiation
The first line of defense consists of _______ _____, notably the skin and mucus membranes.
external barriers
The second line of defense consists of several _______ _____ ______ against pathogens that break through the skin or mucus membranes. These defenses include _______ and _______, antimicrobial ______, immune _______, inflammation, and fever. They are effective against a wide range of pathogens.
nonspecific defense mechanisms, leukocytes, macrophages, proteins, surveillance
The third line of defense is the _________ system, which not only defeats a pathogen but leaves the body with a ______ of it, enabling us to defeat it quickly in the future.
immune, memory
With exceptions such as the axillary and pubic areas, the skin is too ____ and poor in ____ to support much microbial growth.
dry, nutrients
______ are peptides that kill microbes by creating holes in their membranes.
Defensins
The skin is also covered with a thin film of lactic acid ( the _____ _____) from sweat, which inhibits bacterial growth.
acid mantle
Mucous physically traps _______.
microbes
Mucus, tears, and saliva also contain _______, and enzyme that destroys bacteria by dissolving their cell walls.
lysozyme
_________ spend most of their time wandering in the connective tissues killing bacteria. _________ are found especially in the mucous membranes, standing guard against parasites, allergens (allergy-causing antigens), and other pathogens. _______ secrete chemicals that aid the mobility and action of other leukocytes.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
______ is an abnormal elevation of body temperature. _______is a local defensive response to tissue injury of any kind, including trauma and infection. The four cardinal signs are ____, _____, ____, and _____.
Fever, Inflammation, redness, swelling, heat, pain
Antimicrobial proteins are know as ______ and the ______ ______.
interferons, complement system
When certain cells (especially leukocytes) are infected with viruses, they secrete proteins called ________. These bind to _____ receptors of neighboring cells and activate _______-_______ systems within. They break down viral genes or prevent _________.
interferons, surface, second-messenger, replication
Interferons activate ____ ____ cells and _______, which destroy infected cells before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated ______. Activated ____ ____ cells destroy _____ cells.
NK, macropages, viruses, NK, malignant
The ______ ______ is a complicated enzyme cascade made up of numerous serum glycoproteins. Each enzyme cascade has a similar terminal sequence which creates the ____ _____ _____.
complement system, membrane attack complex
______ ______ is a phenomena in which natural killer (NK) cells continually patrol the body on the lookout for pathogens and diseased host cells.
Immune surveillance
______ _____ cells attack and destroy bacteria, cells of transplanted organs, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.
Natural killer
Upon recognition of an enemy cell, the NK cell binds to it and releases proteins called ______, which polymerize in a ring and create a hole in the plasma membrane.
perforins
The NK cell also secretes a group of protein-degrading enzymes called _______, which enter the pore made by the perforins. Inside the enemy cell, the _______ destroy cellular enzymes and induce ________.
granzymes, granzymes, apoptosis
Two characteristics distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance: __________: Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. _______: When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.
Specificity, Memory
______ ______ (T-cells) employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells. It is a means of ridding the body of pathogens that reside ______ human cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies.
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity, inside
________ _______ (B cells) is mediated by antibodies, which do not directly destroy a pathogen. It is an _______ attack in which antibodies, not the immune cells, assault the pathogen. This can work only against the _______ stages of infectious microorganisms.
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity, indirect, extracellular
T-cells are exposed to antigens after a _______ destroys the pathogen.
macrophage
Once exposed to antigen debris, the T-cell _____ and ______.
divides, specializes
Cellular involves what four classes of T cells?
cytotoxic (Tc), helper (TH), regulatory (TR), and memory (TM)
_____ cells are the “effectors” of cellular immunity that carry out the attack on enemy cells. They are called the killer T cells, but are not the same as natural killer cells.
Cytotoxic T (Tc)
______ cells promote the action of Tc cells as well as playing key roles in humoral immunity and nonspecific resistance.
Helper T (TH)
_______ cells inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limit immune responses.
Regulatory T (TR)
__________ cells are descended from the cytotoxic cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.
Memory T (TM)
Helper T-cells divide/differentiate into ______ cells. They produce _______ which stimulate B-cells to respond, and produce ______ T-cells which physically destroy other pathogens.
effector, interleukins, cytotoxic
B-cells differentiate into _____ cells and memory cells. _____ cells produce antibodies that are specifically meant to destroy antigens (pathogens). Memory cells will _______ the specific antigen, so on the next encounter, it will produce antibodies.
plasma, plasma, remember
Both cellular and humoral immunity occur in three stages that we can think of as _____, ______, and _______ (or the three rs of immunity” – ________, ______, and _______).
recognition, attack, memory, recognize, react, remember
Also called an __________, an antibody is a defensive gamma globulin found in the blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes.
immunoglobulin
The V regions of a heavy chain and light chain combine to form an _______-________ ____ on each arm, which attaches to the epitope of an antigen molecule.
antigen-binding site
There are five classes of antibodies named ____, _____, _____, _____, _____, named for the structure of their ___ region.
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, C
______ is found as a monomer is plasma and mainly as a ______ in mucus, tears, milk, saliva, and intestinal secretions. It prevents pathogens from adhering to epithelia and penetrating underlying tissues. Provides passive immunity to ______.
IgA, dimer, newborns
______ is a transmembrane protein of B cells; though to function in activation of B cells by antigens.
IgD
_____ is a transmembrane protein of basophils and mast cells. It stimulates them to release histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy; important in immediate hypersensitivity reactions and in attracting ________ to sites of parasitic infection.
IgE, eosinophils
______ is a monomer and constitutes about ___% of circulating antibodies in plasma. The predominant antibody secreted in the secondary immune response. ____ and IgM are the only antibodies with significant complement-fixation activity. It crosses the placenta and confers temporary immunity on the _______.
IgG, 80, IgG, fetus
______ is a monomer that is a transmembrane protein of B cells, but is a pentamer in ______ and ______. It is the predominant antibody secreted in the primary immune response; very strong agglutinating and complement-fixation abilities.
IgM, plasma, lymph
The human immune system is capable of containing as many as ______ ______ different antibodies. There are ______ genes in the human genome (each gene can represent a different antibody protein)
1 trillion, 35,000
_______ ________ forms new combinations of DNA base sequences in somatic (nonreproductive) cells.
Somatic recombination
______ ______ is a process where B cells in lymph nodules rapidly mutate creating new sequences.
Somatic hypermutation
When a person is exposed to a particular antigen for the first time, the immune reaction is called the ______ ______. The appearance of protective antibodies is delayed for ___ to ___ days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate into _____ cells. As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the _______ _______ (level of the blood plasma) begins to rise. The primary response leaves one with a immune _______ of the antigen.
primary response, 3, 6, plasma, antibody titer, memory
Memory B cells mount a quick _____, or ______ response if reexposed to the same antigen. Plasma cells form within ____, so the IgG titer rises sharply and peaks with a few ____. The response is so rapid that the antigen has little change to exert a noticeable effect on the body, and no illness results. The IgG remains elevated for ____ to _____, conferring lasting protection.
secondary, anamnestic, hours, days, weeks, years
Memory does not last as long in _____ immunity as it does in _______ immunity.
humoral, cellular
The immune system may be too ______, too _____, or misdirected against one’s own body; known as an __________ reaction.
vigorous, weak, autoimmune
There are at least ____ _____ autoimmune diseases. These include _______ arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, _______, Ankylosing spondylitis, _______ disease, ______ _____, and Myasthenia gravis.
one hundred, Rheumatoid, asthma, Crohne’s, Multiple Sclerosis
______ ______ immunity is a temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person. The only natural ways for this happen are for a fetus to acquire _______ from the mother through the ______ before birth, or for a baby to acquire them during _____-_____.
Natural passive, antibodies, placenta, breast-feeding
______ ______ immunity is a temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum obtained from another person or from animals that produced antibodies against a certain pathogen. _______ ______ is used for emergency treatment of snakebite, botulism, tetanus, rabies, and other diseases.
Artificial passive, Immune serum
______ ______ immunity is the production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen.
Natural active
________ _______ immunity is the production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease.
Artificial active
A ________ consists of dead of attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing the disease.
vaccine
Periodic _______ _______ are given to restimulate immune memory and maintain a high level of protection.
booster shots
In _____________ diseases the immune system fails to respond vigorously enough.
immunodeficiency
_________ ________ ________ disease is a group of disorders caused by recessive alleles that result in a scarcity or absence of both T and B cells. Children with _____ are highly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and must live in protective enclosures.
Severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID
_______ _________ diseases are nonhereditary diseases contracted after birth. The best known example is _______ _______ _______.
Acquired immunodeficiency diseases, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
______ is a group of conditions that involve a severely depressed immune response caused by infection with the ______ _______ _____.
AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus
_______ invades helper T cells, NK cells, macrophages and dendritic cells by “tricking” them to internalize viruses by ____ _____ endocytosis.
HIV, receptor mediated
_________ transcriptase from the AIDS retrovirus uses viral ____ as template to synthesize _____ in host cells. New DNA is inserted into host cell DNA (may be dormant for _____ to ______). When activated, it induces the host cell to produce new viral ____, _____ proteins , and _____ proteins. They are coated with bits of the host cell’s plasma membrane. They adhere to new host cells and repeat the process.
Reverse, RNA, DNA, months, years, RNA, capsid, matrix
By destroying ____ cells, HIV strikes at the central coordinating agent of nonspecific defense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Incubation period ranges from several _____ to __ years.
TH, months, 12
AIDS signs and symptoms:
– early symptoms: flulike symptoms of chills and fever
– progresses to night sweats, fatigue, headache, extreme weight loss, lymphadenitis
– normal TH count is ____ to _____cells/L of blood, but in AIDS it is less than _____ cells/L
– person susceptible to opportunistic infections (Toxoplasma,
Pneumocystis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or tuberculosis)
– ________: white patches on mucous membranes
– ________ _______: cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessels causes purple lesions in skin
600, 1,200, 200, Candida (thrush), Kaposi sarcoma
HIV is transmitted through ____, _____ ____, ____ ____, or across the placenta.
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk
The most common means of HIV transmission are _____ _____, contaminated ______ _____, and contaminated _______.
sexual intercourse, blood products, needles
HIV is not transmitted by casual contact. Undamaged ____ _____ is an effective barrier to HIV, especially with ______.
latex condom, spermicide
The strategies against HIV include efforts to prevent its binding to ____ cells, disrupting the action of _____ ______, or inhibiting the assembly of new ______ or their release from ____ cells.
TH, reverse transcriptase, viruses, host
The first anti-HIV drug approved by the FDA was azidothymidine (AZT), which inhibited _____ _____. Protease inhibitors inhibit _____ HIV needs to replicate. HIV develops drug ______, so medicines are used in combination. There are now more than ____ anti-HIV drugs on the market. None can eliminate HIV, and all have serious ____-_____.
reverse transcriptase, enzymes, resistance, 24, side-effects
The only lymphatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels is
a lymph node
Which of the following cells are involved in nonspecific resistance but not in specific defense? (helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, plasma cells)
natural killer cells
The respiratory burst is used by _____ to kill bacteria.
neutrophils
Which of these is a macrophage? (a microglial cell, a plasma cell, a reticular cell, a helper T cell, a mast cell)
a microglial cell
The cytolytic action of the complement system is most similar to the action of _____.
perforin
The cardinal signs of inflammation include all of the follow except (redness, swelling, heat, fever, pain)
fever
Which of the following results from a lack of self-tolerance? (SCID, AIDS, systemic lupus erythematosus, anaphylaxis, asthma)
systemic lupus erythematosus
Any organism or substance capable of causing disease is called a/an _______.
pathogen
Mucous membranes contain an antibacterial enzyme called _______.
lysozyme
______ is a condition in which one or more lymph nodes are swollen and painful to the tough.
lymphadenitis
The movement of leukocytes through a capillary or venule wall is called ________.
diapedesis (emigration)
In the process of ________, complement proteins coat bacteria and serve as binding sites for phagocytes.
opsonization
Any substance that triggers a fever is called a/an _________.
pyrogen
The chemical signals produced by leukocytes to stimulate other leukocytes are called _______.
interleukins
Part of an antibody called the ______ binds to part of an antigen called the ______.
antigen binding site, epitope
Self-tolerance results from a process called ______, in which lymphocytes programmed to react against self-antigens die.
clonal deletion
Any disease in which antibodies attack one’s own tissues is called a/an ______ disease.
autoimmune
