Female Reproductive System Flashcards
The internal genitalia include the ______ and a duct system that runs from the vicinity of each ______ to the outside of the body – the ______ ______, ________, and ________.
ovaries, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
The external genitalia include primarily the _____, _____ _____, and ______ ______.
clitoris, labia minora, labia majora
The external genitalia occupy the _______, which is defined by the same skeletal landmarks as in the male.
perineum
The ______ are the primary sex organs.
ovaries
The ______ and _______ _______ are the secondary sex organs.
internal, external genitalia
The female gonads are the ____, which produce ____ ____ (___) and ____ ___.
ovaries, egg cells, (ova), sex hormones
The interior of the ovary is indistinctly divided into an _____ cortex, where _____ cells develop, and a central ______ occupied by the major _____ and _____.
outer, germ, medulla, arteries, veins
The ovary lacks ____ comparable to the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Instead, each egg develops its own fluid-filled, bubblelike _______ and is released by ______, the bursting of the ______.
ducts, follicle, ovulation, follicle
The ovary is held in place by several connective tissue ______. Its medial pole is attached to the uterus by the _______ _______ and its lateral pole is attached to the pelvic wall by the ______ ______.
ligaments, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament
The ovarian artery passes through the _____ ____ and approaches the lateral pole.
suspensory ligament
Ovarian veins, lymphatics, and nerves also travel through the _____ ______.
suspensory ligament
The uterine tube is also called the _____ or ____ _____, is a canal about ___cm long form the ovary to the uterus.
oviduct, fallopian tube, 10
Fallopian Tube: At the distal (ovarian) end, it flares into a trumpet-shaped ______ with feathery projections called ______.
infundibulum, fimbriae
The wall of the uterine tube is well endowed with smooth muscle. Its mucosa is highly folded into _______ _______ and has an epithelium of _______ cells and a smaller number of ______ cells.
longitudinal ridges, ciliated cells, secretory cells
The _____ is a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the _____ and usually tilts forward over the ______ _______.
uterus, vagina, urinary bladder
The uterus is somewhat pear-shaped, with a broad superior curvature called the ______, a midportion called the ____ (_____), and a cylindrical inferior end called the ______.
fundus, body (corpus), cervix
The lumen communicates with the vagina by way of a narrow passage through the cervix called the ____ ____.
cervical canal
The superior opening of the cervical canal into the body of the uterus is the _______ ___ and its opening into the vagina is the _______ ___. The canal contains _____ _____ that secrete mucus, thought to prevent the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus.
internal os, external os, cervical glands
Cervical cancer is common among women between the ages of ____ and ____. It is often caused by the _____ _____ (___): the most common STI. Cervical cancer usually begins in the ______ cells of the ______ cervix.
30, 50, human papillomavirus, HPV, epithelial, lower
The best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by means of a _____ _____ - a procedure in which loose cells are removed from the cervix and vagina with a small flat stick and cervical brush, then microscopically examined.
Pap smear
One system of grading Pap smears classifies abnormal results in three grades of _____ _____ _____ (___).
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Class I - mild ______, Class II: calls for ______, Class III: may be cause for ________ or ________ _____.
dysplasia, biopsy, hysterectomy, radiation therapy
The uterine wall consists of an external serosa called the _______, a middle muscular layer called the ________, and an inner mucosa called the _______.
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
The _______ constitutes most of the uterine wall, is composed mainly of bundles of _____ _____, and its function is to produce _______ _______ that help to expel the fetus.
myometrium, smooth muscle, labor contractions
The inner lining of the uterus, or mucosa, is called the ______. It has a simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated by _______, ________, and other cells.
endometrium, leukocytes, macrophages
The superficial half to two-thirds of the ________, called the ______ ______, is shed in each menstrual period.
endometrium, stratum functionalis
The deeper layer of the ______, called the ____ _____, stays behind and regenerates a new functionalis in the next cycle.
endometrium, stratum basalis
When pregnancy occurs, the _______ is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the material part of the ______ from which the fetus is nourished.
endometrium, placenta
The _____ is a mound of tissue overlaying the pectoralis major. It enlarges at ________ and remains so for life, but most of this time it contains very little ______ _____.
breast, puberty, mammary gland
The _______ ______ develops within the breast during _______, remains active in the lactating breast, and _______ when a woman ceases to nurse.
mammary gland, pregnancy, atrophies
The breast has two principal regions: the ______ to _______ ______, with the nipple at its apex, and an extension toward the armpit called the ______ _______. _______ of the axillary tail are especially important as a route of breast cancer metastasis.
conical, pendulous body, axillary tail, Lymphatics
The nipple is surrounded by a circular colored zone, the ______. _____ _____ _____ and nerves come closer to the surface here than in surrounding skin and make the _____ more sensitive and more reddish in color.
areola, Dermal blood capillaries, areola
Sensory nerve fibers of the areola are important in triggering a ______ ______ _____ when an infant nurses.
milk ejection reflex
Areolar glands are intermediate between _____ glands and ______ glands in their degree of development.
sweat, mammary
When a woman is nursing, secretions of the _____ glands and _____ glands protect the areola and nipple from chapping and cracking.
areolar, mammary
The dermis of the areola has _____ _____ ____ that contract in response to cold, touch, and sexual arousal, wrinkling the skin and erecting the nipple.
smooth muscle fibers
Breast cancer occurs in one out of _____ American woman and is one of the leading causes of female mortality. Breast tumors begin with cells of the _____ ____ and may metastasize to other organs by way of the _____ and _____ _____.
five, mammary ducts, mammary, axillary lymphatics
Sings of breast cancer include a _____ ____ (the tumor), _____ of the skin, changes in skin _____, and drainage from the _______.
palpable lump, puckering, texture, nipple
Two breast cancer genes were discovered in the 90s, named _____ and ______, but most breast cancer is _______.
BRCA1, BRCA2, non-hereditary
Some breast tumors are stimulated by ______. Breast cancer is more common among women who have a long period of _____ and _____ exposure.
estrogen, fertility, estrogen
Other risk factors for breast cancer include _____, exposure to ionizing _____ and ______ chemicals, excessive alcohol and ____ intake, and smoking. Over ____% of cases, however, lack any identifiable risk factors.
aging, radiation, carcinogenic, fat, 70
The majority of tumors are discovered during _____ ______ _____ (___), which should be a monthly routine for all women.
breast self-examination (BSE)
_______ (breast X-rays) can detect tumors too small to be noticed by BSE. The recommendations are controversial.
Mammograms
Mammograms: a _____ mammogram in the 30s and then have one every ___ years from ages 40 to 49 and every ___ beginning at age 50.
baseline, two, year
Treatment for breast cancer is usually a ______ (removal of tumor only) or ______ ______ (removal of breast tissue only or breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes). ______ ______, rarely done since the 1970s, involves the removal of not only the breast but also the underlying muscle, facia, and lymph nodes.
lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, radical mastectomy
Breast cancer surgery is generally followed by ______ or _______. A natural-looking breast can often be reconstructed from skin, fat, and muscle from other parts of the body.
radiation, chemotherapy
Egg production is called ______. It produces a _____ _____ by means of ______.
oogenesis, haploid gamete, meiosis
Oogenesis is a distinctly cyclic event that normally releases ____ egg(s) per month. It is accompanied by cyclic changes in _____ secretion and in the ______ structure of the ovaries and uterus; the uterine changes result in the ______ ______ flow.
one, hormone, histological, monthly menstrual
embryonic development of ovary
– transform into ______ _____ - early meiosis I
– Females are born with ______ ______!
– by puberty______ oocytes remain
• a lifetime supply: probably will ovulate around 480 times
primary oocytes, primary oocytes, 400,000, 480
Egg development resumes in _____, when FSH stimulate monthly cohorts of oocytes to complete _______. In oogenesis, it is important to produce an egg with as much _________ as possible, because if fertilized it must divide repeatedly and produce numerous ______ cells.
adolescence, meiosis I, cytoplasm, daughter
Meiosis I produces a large daughter cell called the ____ _____ and a much smaller one called the ____ ____ ____. The ___ ___ sometimes undergoes _____ ____, but ultimately disintegrates. It is merely a means of discarding the extra haploid set of chromosomes.
secondary oocyte, first polar body, polar body, meiosis II
The secondary oocyte proceeds as far as _______, then arrests until after _____. If it is not fertilized, it dies and never finished meiosis. If fertilized, it completes ______ and casts off a second ____ ____.
metaphase II, ovulation, meiosis II, polar body
Puberty begins at ages __ to __ for most girls in the US. Rising levels of _____ _____ ____ (GnRH) stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete ____ ____ ____ (__) and ____ ____ (LH).
8, 10, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
_____ stimulates development of the ovarian follicles, which, in turn, secrete ______, ______, ______, and a small amount of _____.
FSH ,estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, androgen
The ____ are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body. They include ____(the most abundant), ______, and ______.
estrogens, estradiol, estriol, estrone
The first menstrual period is called
menarche
______ stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of the ______ and secondary sex organs. It stimulates ______ _____ secretion and causes a rapid increase in height and widening of the pelvis. It is responsible for the feminine physique because it stimulates ____ deposition.
Estradiol, ovaries, growth hormone, fat
_______ acts primarily on the uterus, preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of each menstrual cycle.
Progesterone
Estrogens and progesterone also suppress ____ and ___ secretion through negative feedback inhibition of the anterior pituitary. _____ selectively suppresses FSH secretion. In females, secretion is distinctly cyclic and hormones are secreted in _______.
FSH, LH, Inhibin, sequence
Women, like men, go through a midlife change in hormone secretion called the _______. In women, it is accompanied by __________, the cessation of menstruation.
climacteric, menopause
A female is born with about ______ eggs in her ovaries, each with its own _____. Climacteric begins not at any specific age, but when she has only about ______ follicles left.
2 million, follicle, 1,000
Many physicians prescribe _____ _____ ____ - low doses of estrogen and progesterone, to relieve symptoms of ________.
hormone replacement therapy, climacteric
Hormones of the hypothalamus regulate the _____ ____; _____ hormones regulate the ovaries; and the ovaries secrete hormones that regulate the _______.
pituitary gland, pituitary, uterus
The sexual cycle averages ___ days in length, but commonly varies from ___ to ___ days.
28, 20, 45
Basic hierarchy of hormonal control:
hypothalamus–> pituitary–> ovaries–> uterus
The ovaries also exert feedback control over the _____ and _____.
hypothalamus, pituitary
The sexual cycle begins with a 2-week _____ ____. The first 3 to 5 days are marked with _____. The uterus then replaces the lost tissue by _____. While this is going on, a cohort of ovarian follicle grows until one of them ovulates around day ____.
follicular phase, menstruation, mitosis, 14
After ovulation, the remainder of the ovulating follicle becomes a body called the ____ _____. Over the next two weeks, called the ____ ___, the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial secretion, making the endometrium thicken. If pregnancy does not occur, the _____ breaks down again in the last ___ days. Menstruation begins and the cycle starts over.
corpus luteum, luteal phase, endrometrium, 2
What are the three principal steps in the ovarian cycle?
The ovarian cycle reflects what happens in the ______
and their relationship to the __________
and _______.
– follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase
ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary
The follicular phase of an ovarian cycle extends from the beginning of _______ until _____ - that is, from day __ to __ in an average cycle.
menstruation, ovulation, 1, 14
The portion at the end of menstruation until ovulation is also called the _______ ______. The follicle phase is the most ______ part of the cycle. It is seldom possible to reliably predict the date of _______.
preovulatory phase, variable, ovulation
_________ is the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells, typically around day _____.
Ovulation, 14
Ovulation: Estradiol stimulates a surge of ____ and a lesser spike in ____ secretion by the pituitary.
LH, FSH
Ovulation: LH induces several momentous events. The primary oocyte completes ______, producing a haploid _____ _____ and the ____ ____ ____.
meiosis I, secondary oocyte, first polar body
Days 15 to 28, from just after ovulation to the onset of menstruation, are called the _____ (_______) phase.
luteal (postovulatory)
Assuming pregnancy does not occur: When the follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into the _____. Clotted blood is slowly absorbed. The ovulated follicle has now become a structure called the _____ _____, named for a yellow lipid that accumulates in the theca interna cells. These cells are now called ____ cells.
antrum, corpus luteum, lutein
The menstrual cycle consists of a buildup of the _______ through most of the sexual cycle, followed by its _____ and vaginal _____.
endometrium, breakdown, discharge
The menstrual cycle is divided into a ______ phase, _______ phase, ______ phase, and _______ phase.
proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, menstrual
The menstrual phase averages ___ days long, and the first day of noticeable discharge is defined as day 1 of the ______ cycle.
5, sexual
The layer of endometrial tissue (stratum functionalis) lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt during the ________ phase.
proliferation
Gestation (pregnancy) lasts an average of ___ days from conception to childbirth, but the gestational calendar is usually measured from the first day of the woman’s _____ _____ _____. Thus the birth is predicted to occur ____ days (___ weeks) from the LMP. The duration of pregnancy, called its _____, is commonly described in 3-month intervals called _______.
266, last menstrual period, 280, 40, term, trimesters
The hormones with the strongest influences on pregnancy are ______, ________, _____ _____ _____, and _____ _____ ______. These are secreted primarily by the _______, but the ____ ____ is an important source of hormones in the first several weeks.
estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gondotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, placenta, corpus luteum
If the corpus lutem is removed before week ___, abortion almost always occurs. From weeks ___ to ____, the corpus luteum degenerates and the placenta takes over the endocrine functions.
7, 7, 17
The ovaries secrete all of the following except: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin
follicle-stimulating hormone
The first haploid stage in oogenesis
the secondary oocyte
The hormone that most directly influences the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is
progesterone
Which of these is not true of the luteal phase of the sexual cycle? Progesterone level is high, The endometrium stores glycogen, ovulation occurs, fertilization may occur, the endometrial glands enlarge
Ovulation occurs
Each egg cell develops in its own fluid-filled space called a
follicle
The mucosa of the uterus is called
the endometrium
A girl’s first menstrual period is called
menarche
A yellowish structure called the _____ secretes progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.
corpus luteum
Menopause occurs during a midlife period of changing hormone secretion called
climacteric
The funnel-like distal end of the uterine tube is called the ____ and has feathery processes called ____.
infundibulum, fimbriae
