Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Western Medicine 502 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The internal genitalia include the ______ and a duct system that runs from the vicinity of each ______ to the outside of the body – the ______ ______, ________, and ________.

A

ovaries, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The external genitalia include primarily the _____, _____ _____, and ______ ______.

A

clitoris, labia minora, labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The external genitalia occupy the _______, which is defined by the same skeletal landmarks as in the male.

A

perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The ______ are the primary sex organs.

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ______ and _______ _______ are the secondary sex organs.

A

internal, external genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The female gonads are the ____, which produce ____ ____ (___) and ____ ___.

A

ovaries, egg cells, (ova), sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The interior of the ovary is indistinctly divided into an _____ cortex, where _____ cells develop, and a central ______ occupied by the major _____ and _____.

A

outer, germ, medulla, arteries, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ovary lacks ____ comparable to the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Instead, each egg develops its own fluid-filled, bubblelike _______ and is released by ______, the bursting of the ______.

A

ducts, follicle, ovulation, follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ovary is held in place by several connective tissue ______. Its medial pole is attached to the uterus by the _______ _______ and its lateral pole is attached to the pelvic wall by the ______ ______.

A

ligaments, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ovarian artery passes through the _____ ____ and approaches the lateral pole.

A

suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ovarian veins, lymphatics, and nerves also travel through the _____ ______.

A

suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The uterine tube is also called the _____ or ____ _____, is a canal about ___cm long form the ovary to the uterus.

A

oviduct, fallopian tube, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fallopian Tube: At the distal (ovarian) end, it flares into a trumpet-shaped ______ with feathery projections called ______.

A

infundibulum, fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The wall of the uterine tube is well endowed with smooth muscle. Its mucosa is highly folded into _______ _______ and has an epithelium of _______ cells and a smaller number of ______ cells.

A

longitudinal ridges, ciliated cells, secretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The _____ is a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the _____ and usually tilts forward over the ______ _______.

A

uterus, vagina, urinary bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The uterus is somewhat pear-shaped, with a broad superior curvature called the ______, a midportion called the ____ (_____), and a cylindrical inferior end called the ______.

A

fundus, body (corpus), cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The lumen communicates with the vagina by way of a narrow passage through the cervix called the ____ ____.

A

cervical canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The superior opening of the cervical canal into the body of the uterus is the _______ ___ and its opening into the vagina is the _______ ___. The canal contains _____ _____ that secrete mucus, thought to prevent the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus.

A

internal os, external os, cervical glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cervical cancer is common among women between the ages of ____ and ____. It is often caused by the _____ _____ (___): the most common STI. Cervical cancer usually begins in the ______ cells of the ______ cervix.

A

30, 50, human papillomavirus, HPV, epithelial, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by means of a _____ _____ - a procedure in which loose cells are removed from the cervix and vagina with a small flat stick and cervical brush, then microscopically examined.

A

Pap smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

One system of grading Pap smears classifies abnormal results in three grades of _____ _____ _____ (___).

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Class I - mild ______, Class II: calls for ______, Class III: may be cause for ________ or ________ _____.

A

dysplasia, biopsy, hysterectomy, radiation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The uterine wall consists of an external serosa called the _______, a middle muscular layer called the ________, and an inner mucosa called the _______.

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The _______ constitutes most of the uterine wall, is composed mainly of bundles of _____ _____, and its function is to produce _______ _______ that help to expel the fetus.

A

myometrium, smooth muscle, labor contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The inner lining of the uterus, or mucosa, is called the ______. It has a simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated by _______, ________, and other cells.

A

endometrium, leukocytes, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The superficial half to two-thirds of the ________, called the ______ ______, is shed in each menstrual period.

A

endometrium, stratum functionalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The deeper layer of the ______, called the ____ _____, stays behind and regenerates a new functionalis in the next cycle.

A

endometrium, stratum basalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When pregnancy occurs, the _______ is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the material part of the ______ from which the fetus is nourished.

A

endometrium, placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The _____ is a mound of tissue overlaying the pectoralis major. It enlarges at ________ and remains so for life, but most of this time it contains very little ______ _____.

A

breast, puberty, mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The _______ ______ develops within the breast during _______, remains active in the lactating breast, and _______ when a woman ceases to nurse.

A

mammary gland, pregnancy, atrophies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The breast has two principal regions: the ______ to _______ ______, with the nipple at its apex, and an extension toward the armpit called the ______ _______. _______ of the axillary tail are especially important as a route of breast cancer metastasis.

A

conical, pendulous body, axillary tail, Lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The nipple is surrounded by a circular colored zone, the ______. _____ _____ _____ and nerves come closer to the surface here than in surrounding skin and make the _____ more sensitive and more reddish in color.

A

areola, Dermal blood capillaries, areola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sensory nerve fibers of the areola are important in triggering a ______ ______ _____ when an infant nurses.

A

milk ejection reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Areolar glands are intermediate between _____ glands and ______ glands in their degree of development.

A

sweat, mammary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When a woman is nursing, secretions of the _____ glands and _____ glands protect the areola and nipple from chapping and cracking.

A

areolar, mammary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The dermis of the areola has _____ _____ ____ that contract in response to cold, touch, and sexual arousal, wrinkling the skin and erecting the nipple.

A

smooth muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Breast cancer occurs in one out of _____ American woman and is one of the leading causes of female mortality. Breast tumors begin with cells of the _____ ____ and may metastasize to other organs by way of the _____ and _____ _____.

A

five, mammary ducts, mammary, axillary lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sings of breast cancer include a _____ ____ (the tumor), _____ of the skin, changes in skin _____, and drainage from the _______.

A

palpable lump, puckering, texture, nipple

39
Q

Two breast cancer genes were discovered in the 90s, named _____ and ______, but most breast cancer is _______.

A

BRCA1, BRCA2, non-hereditary

40
Q

Some breast tumors are stimulated by ______. Breast cancer is more common among women who have a long period of _____ and _____ exposure.

A

estrogen, fertility, estrogen

41
Q

Other risk factors for breast cancer include _____, exposure to ionizing _____ and ______ chemicals, excessive alcohol and ____ intake, and smoking. Over ____% of cases, however, lack any identifiable risk factors.

A

aging, radiation, carcinogenic, fat, 70

42
Q

The majority of tumors are discovered during _____ ______ _____ (___), which should be a monthly routine for all women.

A

breast self-examination (BSE)

43
Q

_______ (breast X-rays) can detect tumors too small to be noticed by BSE. The recommendations are controversial.

A

Mammograms

44
Q

Mammograms: a _____ mammogram in the 30s and then have one every ___ years from ages 40 to 49 and every ___ beginning at age 50.

A

baseline, two, year

45
Q

Treatment for breast cancer is usually a ______ (removal of tumor only) or ______ ______ (removal of breast tissue only or breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes). ______ ______, rarely done since the 1970s, involves the removal of not only the breast but also the underlying muscle, facia, and lymph nodes.

A

lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, radical mastectomy

46
Q

Breast cancer surgery is generally followed by ______ or _______. A natural-looking breast can often be reconstructed from skin, fat, and muscle from other parts of the body.

A

radiation, chemotherapy

47
Q

Egg production is called ______. It produces a _____ _____ by means of ______.

A

oogenesis, haploid gamete, meiosis

48
Q

Oogenesis is a distinctly cyclic event that normally releases ____ egg(s) per month. It is accompanied by cyclic changes in _____ secretion and in the ______ structure of the ovaries and uterus; the uterine changes result in the ______ ______ flow.

A

one, hormone, histological, monthly menstrual

49
Q

embryonic development of ovary

– transform into ______ _____ - early meiosis I
– Females are born with ______ ______!
– by puberty______ oocytes remain

• a lifetime supply: probably will ovulate around 480 times

A

primary oocytes, primary oocytes, 400,000, 480

50
Q

Egg development resumes in _____, when FSH stimulate monthly cohorts of oocytes to complete _______. In oogenesis, it is important to produce an egg with as much _________ as possible, because if fertilized it must divide repeatedly and produce numerous ______ cells.

A

adolescence, meiosis I, cytoplasm, daughter

51
Q

Meiosis I produces a large daughter cell called the ____ _____ and a much smaller one called the ____ ____ ____. The ___ ___ sometimes undergoes _____ ____, but ultimately disintegrates. It is merely a means of discarding the extra haploid set of chromosomes.

A

secondary oocyte, first polar body, polar body, meiosis II

52
Q

The secondary oocyte proceeds as far as _______, then arrests until after _____. If it is not fertilized, it dies and never finished meiosis. If fertilized, it completes ______ and casts off a second ____ ____.

A

metaphase II, ovulation, meiosis II, polar body

53
Q

Puberty begins at ages __ to __ for most girls in the US. Rising levels of _____ _____ ____ (GnRH) stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete ____ ____ ____ (__) and ____ ____ (LH).

A

8, 10, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

54
Q

_____ stimulates development of the ovarian follicles, which, in turn, secrete ______, ______, ______, and a small amount of _____.

A

FSH ,estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, androgen

55
Q

The ____ are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body. They include ____(the most abundant), ______, and ______.

A

estrogens, estradiol, estriol, estrone

56
Q

The first menstrual period is called

A

menarche

57
Q

______ stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of the ______ and secondary sex organs. It stimulates ______ _____ secretion and causes a rapid increase in height and widening of the pelvis. It is responsible for the feminine physique because it stimulates ____ deposition.

A

Estradiol, ovaries, growth hormone, fat

58
Q

_______ acts primarily on the uterus, preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of each menstrual cycle.

A

Progesterone

59
Q

Estrogens and progesterone also suppress ____ and ___ secretion through negative feedback inhibition of the anterior pituitary. _____ selectively suppresses FSH secretion. In females, secretion is distinctly cyclic and hormones are secreted in _______.

A

FSH, LH, Inhibin, sequence

60
Q

Women, like men, go through a midlife change in hormone secretion called the _______. In women, it is accompanied by __________, the cessation of menstruation.

A

climacteric, menopause

61
Q

A female is born with about ______ eggs in her ovaries, each with its own _____. Climacteric begins not at any specific age, but when she has only about ______ follicles left.

A

2 million, follicle, 1,000

62
Q

Many physicians prescribe _____ _____ ____ - low doses of estrogen and progesterone, to relieve symptoms of ________.

A

hormone replacement therapy, climacteric

63
Q

Hormones of the hypothalamus regulate the _____ ____; _____ hormones regulate the ovaries; and the ovaries secrete hormones that regulate the _______.

A

pituitary gland, pituitary, uterus

64
Q

The sexual cycle averages ___ days in length, but commonly varies from ___ to ___ days.

A

28, 20, 45

65
Q

Basic hierarchy of hormonal control:

A

hypothalamus–> pituitary–> ovaries–> uterus

66
Q

The ovaries also exert feedback control over the _____ and _____.

A

hypothalamus, pituitary

67
Q

The sexual cycle begins with a 2-week _____ ____. The first 3 to 5 days are marked with _____. The uterus then replaces the lost tissue by _____. While this is going on, a cohort of ovarian follicle grows until one of them ovulates around day ____.

A

follicular phase, menstruation, mitosis, 14

68
Q

After ovulation, the remainder of the ovulating follicle becomes a body called the ____ _____. Over the next two weeks, called the ____ ___, the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial secretion, making the endometrium thicken. If pregnancy does not occur, the _____ breaks down again in the last ___ days. Menstruation begins and the cycle starts over.

A

corpus luteum, luteal phase, endrometrium, 2

69
Q

What are the three principal steps in the ovarian cycle?

The ovarian cycle reflects what happens in the ______
and their relationship to the __________
and _______.

A

– follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary

70
Q

The follicular phase of an ovarian cycle extends from the beginning of _______ until _____ - that is, from day __ to __ in an average cycle.

A

menstruation, ovulation, 1, 14

71
Q

The portion at the end of menstruation until ovulation is also called the _______ ______. The follicle phase is the most ______ part of the cycle. It is seldom possible to reliably predict the date of _______.

A

preovulatory phase, variable, ovulation

72
Q

_________ is the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells, typically around day _____.

A

Ovulation, 14

73
Q

Ovulation: Estradiol stimulates a surge of ____ and a lesser spike in ____ secretion by the pituitary.

A

LH, FSH

74
Q

Ovulation: LH induces several momentous events. The primary oocyte completes ______, producing a haploid _____ _____ and the ____ ____ ____.

A

meiosis I, secondary oocyte, first polar body

75
Q

Days 15 to 28, from just after ovulation to the onset of menstruation, are called the _____ (_______) phase.

A

luteal (postovulatory)

76
Q

Assuming pregnancy does not occur: When the follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into the _____. Clotted blood is slowly absorbed. The ovulated follicle has now become a structure called the _____ _____, named for a yellow lipid that accumulates in the theca interna cells. These cells are now called ____ cells.

A

antrum, corpus luteum, lutein

77
Q

The menstrual cycle consists of a buildup of the _______ through most of the sexual cycle, followed by its _____ and vaginal _____.

A

endometrium, breakdown, discharge

78
Q

The menstrual cycle is divided into a ______ phase, _______ phase, ______ phase, and _______ phase.

A

proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, menstrual

79
Q

The menstrual phase averages ___ days long, and the first day of noticeable discharge is defined as day 1 of the ______ cycle.

A

5, sexual

80
Q

The layer of endometrial tissue (stratum functionalis) lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt during the ________ phase.

A

proliferation

81
Q

Gestation (pregnancy) lasts an average of ___ days from conception to childbirth, but the gestational calendar is usually measured from the first day of the woman’s _____ _____ _____. Thus the birth is predicted to occur ____ days (___ weeks) from the LMP. The duration of pregnancy, called its _____, is commonly described in 3-month intervals called _______.

A

266, last menstrual period, 280, 40, term, trimesters

82
Q

The hormones with the strongest influences on pregnancy are ______, ________, _____ _____ _____, and _____ _____ ______. These are secreted primarily by the _______, but the ____ ____ is an important source of hormones in the first several weeks.

A

estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gondotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, placenta, corpus luteum

83
Q

If the corpus lutem is removed before week ___, abortion almost always occurs. From weeks ___ to ____, the corpus luteum degenerates and the placenta takes over the endocrine functions.

A

7, 7, 17

84
Q

The ovaries secrete all of the following except: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

85
Q

The first haploid stage in oogenesis

A

the secondary oocyte

86
Q

The hormone that most directly influences the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is

A

progesterone

87
Q

Which of these is not true of the luteal phase of the sexual cycle? Progesterone level is high, The endometrium stores glycogen, ovulation occurs, fertilization may occur, the endometrial glands enlarge

A

Ovulation occurs

88
Q

Each egg cell develops in its own fluid-filled space called a

A

follicle

89
Q

The mucosa of the uterus is called

A

the endometrium

90
Q

A girl’s first menstrual period is called

A

menarche

91
Q

A yellowish structure called the _____ secretes progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

corpus luteum

92
Q

Menopause occurs during a midlife period of changing hormone secretion called

A

climacteric

93
Q

The funnel-like distal end of the uterine tube is called the ____ and has feathery processes called ____.

A

infundibulum, fimbriae

Western Medicine 502 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions