Female Reproductive System

Question 1

The internal genitalia include the ______ and a duct system that runs from the vicinity of each ______ to the outside of the body – the ______ ______, ________, and ________.

Answer 1

ovaries, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Question 2

The external genitalia include primarily the _____, _____ _____, and ______ ______.

Answer 2

clitoris, labia minora, labia majora

Question 3

The external genitalia occupy the _______, which is defined by the same skeletal landmarks as in the male.

Answer 3

perineum

Question 4

The ______ are the primary sex organs.

Answer 4

ovaries

Question 5

The ______ and _______ _______ are the secondary sex organs.

Answer 5

internal, external genitalia

Question 6

The female gonads are the ____, which produce ____ ____ (___) and ____ ___.

Answer 6

ovaries, egg cells, (ova), sex hormones

Question 7

The interior of the ovary is indistinctly divided into an _____ cortex, where _____ cells develop, and a central ______ occupied by the major _____ and _____.

Answer 7

outer, germ, medulla, arteries, veins

Question 8

The ovary lacks ____ comparable to the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Instead, each egg develops its own fluid-filled, bubblelike _______ and is released by ______, the bursting of the ______.

Answer 8

ducts, follicle, ovulation, follicle

Question 9

The ovary is held in place by several connective tissue ______. Its medial pole is attached to the uterus by the _______ _______ and its lateral pole is attached to the pelvic wall by the ______ ______.

Answer 9

ligaments, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament

Question 10

The ovarian artery passes through the _____ ____ and approaches the lateral pole.

Answer 10

suspensory ligament

Question 11

Ovarian veins, lymphatics, and nerves also travel through the _____ ______.

Answer 11

suspensory ligament

Question 12

The uterine tube is also called the _____ or ____ _____, is a canal about ___cm long form the ovary to the uterus.

Answer 12

oviduct, fallopian tube, 10

Question 13

Fallopian Tube: At the distal (ovarian) end, it flares into a trumpet-shaped ______ with feathery projections called ______.

Answer 13

infundibulum, fimbriae

Question 14

The wall of the uterine tube is well endowed with smooth muscle. Its mucosa is highly folded into _______ _______ and has an epithelium of _______ cells and a smaller number of ______ cells.

Answer 14

longitudinal ridges, ciliated cells, secretory cells

Question 15

The _____ is a thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the _____ and usually tilts forward over the ______ _______.

Answer 15

uterus, vagina, urinary bladder

Question 16

The uterus is somewhat pear-shaped, with a broad superior curvature called the ______, a midportion called the ____ (_____), and a cylindrical inferior end called the ______.

Answer 16

fundus, body (corpus), cervix

Question 17

The lumen communicates with the vagina by way of a narrow passage through the cervix called the ____ ____.

Answer 17

cervical canal

Question 18

The superior opening of the cervical canal into the body of the uterus is the _______ ___ and its opening into the vagina is the _______ ___. The canal contains _____ _____ that secrete mucus, thought to prevent the spread of microorganisms from the vagina to the uterus.

Answer 18

internal os, external os, cervical glands

Question 19

Cervical cancer is common among women between the ages of ____ and ____. It is often caused by the _____ _____ (___): the most common STI. Cervical cancer usually begins in the ______ cells of the ______ cervix.

Answer 19

30, 50, human papillomavirus, HPV, epithelial, lower

Question 20

The best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by means of a _____ _____ - a procedure in which loose cells are removed from the cervix and vagina with a small flat stick and cervical brush, then microscopically examined.

Answer 20

Pap smear

Question 21

One system of grading Pap smears classifies abnormal results in three grades of _____ _____ _____ (___).

Answer 21

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Question 22

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Class I - mild ______, Class II: calls for ______, Class III: may be cause for ________ or ________ _____.

Answer 22

dysplasia, biopsy, hysterectomy, radiation therapy

Question 23

The uterine wall consists of an external serosa called the _______, a middle muscular layer called the ________, and an inner mucosa called the _______.

Answer 23

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

Question 24

The _______ constitutes most of the uterine wall, is composed mainly of bundles of _____ _____, and its function is to produce _______ _______ that help to expel the fetus.

Answer 24

myometrium, smooth muscle, labor contractions

Question 25

The inner lining of the uterus, or mucosa, is called the ______. It has a simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated by _______, ________, and other cells.

Answer 25

endometrium, leukocytes, macrophages

Question 26

The superficial half to two-thirds of the ________, called the ______ ______, is shed in each menstrual period.

Answer 26

endometrium, stratum functionalis

Question 27

The deeper layer of the ______, called the ____ _____, stays behind and regenerates a new functionalis in the next cycle.

Answer 27

endometrium, stratum basalis

Question 28

When pregnancy occurs, the _______ is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the material part of the ______ from which the fetus is nourished.

Answer 28

endometrium, placenta

Question 29

The _____ is a mound of tissue overlaying the pectoralis major. It enlarges at ________ and remains so for life, but most of this time it contains very little ______ _____.

Answer 29

breast, puberty, mammary gland

Question 30

The _______ ______ develops within the breast during _______, remains active in the lactating breast, and _______ when a woman ceases to nurse.

Answer 30

mammary gland, pregnancy, atrophies

Question 31

The breast has two principal regions: the ______ to _______ ______, with the nipple at its apex, and an extension toward the armpit called the ______ _______. _______ of the axillary tail are especially important as a route of breast cancer metastasis.

Answer 31

conical, pendulous body, axillary tail, Lymphatics

Question 32

The nipple is surrounded by a circular colored zone, the ______. _____ _____ _____ and nerves come closer to the surface here than in surrounding skin and make the _____ more sensitive and more reddish in color.

Answer 32

areola, Dermal blood capillaries, areola

Question 33

Sensory nerve fibers of the areola are important in triggering a ______ ______ _____ when an infant nurses.

Answer 33

milk ejection reflex

Question 34

Areolar glands are intermediate between _____ glands and ______ glands in their degree of development.

Answer 34

sweat, mammary

Question 35

When a woman is nursing, secretions of the _____ glands and _____ glands protect the areola and nipple from chapping and cracking.

Answer 35

areolar, mammary

Question 36

The dermis of the areola has _____ _____ ____ that contract in response to cold, touch, and sexual arousal, wrinkling the skin and erecting the nipple.

Answer 36

smooth muscle fibers

Question 37

Breast cancer occurs in one out of _____ American woman and is one of the leading causes of female mortality. Breast tumors begin with cells of the _____ ____ and may metastasize to other organs by way of the _____ and _____ _____.

Answer 37

five, mammary ducts, mammary, axillary lymphatics

Question 38

Sings of breast cancer include a _____ ____ (the tumor), _____ of the skin, changes in skin _____, and drainage from the _______.

Answer 38

palpable lump, puckering, texture, nipple

Question 39

Two breast cancer genes were discovered in the 90s, named _____ and ______, but most breast cancer is _______.

Answer 39

BRCA1, BRCA2, non-hereditary

Question 40

Some breast tumors are stimulated by ______. Breast cancer is more common among women who have a long period of _____ and _____ exposure.

Answer 40

estrogen, fertility, estrogen

Question 41

Other risk factors for breast cancer include _____, exposure to ionizing _____ and ______ chemicals, excessive alcohol and ____ intake, and smoking. Over ____% of cases, however, lack any identifiable risk factors.

Answer 41

aging, radiation, carcinogenic, fat, 70

Question 42

The majority of tumors are discovered during _____ ______ _____ (___), which should be a monthly routine for all women.

Answer 42

breast self-examination (BSE)

Question 43

_______ (breast X-rays) can detect tumors too small to be noticed by BSE. The recommendations are controversial.

Answer 43

Mammograms

Question 44

Mammograms: a _____ mammogram in the 30s and then have one every ___ years from ages 40 to 49 and every ___ beginning at age 50.

Answer 44

baseline, two, year

Question 45

Treatment for breast cancer is usually a ______ (removal of tumor only) or ______ ______ (removal of breast tissue only or breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes). ______ ______, rarely done since the 1970s, involves the removal of not only the breast but also the underlying muscle, facia, and lymph nodes.

Answer 45

lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, radical mastectomy

Question 46

Breast cancer surgery is generally followed by ______ or _______. A natural-looking breast can often be reconstructed from skin, fat, and muscle from other parts of the body.

Answer 46

radiation, chemotherapy

Question 47

Egg production is called ______. It produces a _____ _____ by means of ______.

Answer 47

oogenesis, haploid gamete, meiosis

Question 48

Oogenesis is a distinctly cyclic event that normally releases ____ egg(s) per month. It is accompanied by cyclic changes in _____ secretion and in the ______ structure of the ovaries and uterus; the uterine changes result in the ______ ______ flow.

Answer 48

one, hormone, histological, monthly menstrual

Question 49

embryonic development of ovary – transform into ______ _____ - early meiosis I – Females are born with ______ ______! – by puberty______ oocytes remain • a lifetime supply: probably will ovulate around 480 times

Answer 49

primary oocytes, primary oocytes, 400,000, 480

Question 50

Egg development resumes in _____, when FSH stimulate monthly cohorts of oocytes to complete _______. In oogenesis, it is important to produce an egg with as much _________ as possible, because if fertilized it must divide repeatedly and produce numerous ______ cells.

Answer 50

adolescence, meiosis I, cytoplasm, daughter

Question 51

Meiosis I produces a large daughter cell called the ____ _____ and a much smaller one called the ____ ____ ____. The ___ ___ sometimes undergoes _____ ____, but ultimately disintegrates. It is merely a means of discarding the extra haploid set of chromosomes.

Answer 51

secondary oocyte, first polar body, polar body, meiosis II

Question 52

The secondary oocyte proceeds as far as _______, then arrests until after _____. If it is not fertilized, it dies and never finished meiosis. If fertilized, it completes ______ and casts off a second ____ ____.

Answer 52

metaphase II, ovulation, meiosis II, polar body

Question 53

Puberty begins at ages __ to __ for most girls in the US. Rising levels of _____ _____ ____ (GnRH) stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary to secrete ____ ____ ____ (__) and ____ ____ (LH).

Answer 53

8, 10, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 54

_____ stimulates development of the ovarian follicles, which, in turn, secrete ______, ______, ______, and a small amount of _____.

Answer 54

FSH ,estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, androgen

Question 55

The ____ are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body. They include ____(the most abundant), ______, and ______.

Answer 55

estrogens, estradiol, estriol, estrone

Question 56

The first menstrual period is called

Answer 56

menarche

Question 57

______ stimulates vaginal metaplasia, growth of the ______ and secondary sex organs. It stimulates ______ _____ secretion and causes a rapid increase in height and widening of the pelvis. It is responsible for the feminine physique because it stimulates ____ deposition.

Answer 57

Estradiol, ovaries, growth hormone, fat

Question 58

_______ acts primarily on the uterus, preparing it for possible pregnancy in the second half of each menstrual cycle.

Answer 58

Progesterone

Question 59

Estrogens and progesterone also suppress ____ and ___ secretion through negative feedback inhibition of the anterior pituitary. _____ selectively suppresses FSH secretion. In females, secretion is distinctly cyclic and hormones are secreted in _______.

Answer 59

FSH, LH, Inhibin, sequence

Question 60

Women, like men, go through a midlife change in hormone secretion called the _______. In women, it is accompanied by __________, the cessation of menstruation.

Answer 60

climacteric, menopause

Question 61

A female is born with about ______ eggs in her ovaries, each with its own _____. Climacteric begins not at any specific age, but when she has only about ______ follicles left.

Answer 61

2 million, follicle, 1,000

Question 62

Many physicians prescribe _____ _____ ____ - low doses of estrogen and progesterone, to relieve symptoms of ________.

Answer 62

hormone replacement therapy, climacteric

Question 63

Hormones of the hypothalamus regulate the _____ ____; _____ hormones regulate the ovaries; and the ovaries secrete hormones that regulate the _______.

Answer 63

pituitary gland, pituitary, uterus

Question 64

The sexual cycle averages ___ days in length, but commonly varies from ___ to ___ days.

Answer 64

28, 20, 45

Question 65

Basic hierarchy of hormonal control:

Answer 65

hypothalamus--> pituitary--> ovaries--> uterus

Question 66

The ovaries also exert feedback control over the _____ and _____.

Answer 66

hypothalamus, pituitary

Question 67

The sexual cycle begins with a 2-week _____ ____. The first 3 to 5 days are marked with _____. The uterus then replaces the lost tissue by _____. While this is going on, a cohort of ovarian follicle grows until one of them ovulates around day ____.

Answer 67

follicular phase, menstruation, mitosis, 14

Question 68

After ovulation, the remainder of the ovulating follicle becomes a body called the ____ _____. Over the next two weeks, called the ____ ___, the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial secretion, making the endometrium thicken. If pregnancy does not occur, the _____ breaks down again in the last ___ days. Menstruation begins and the cycle starts over.

Answer 68

corpus luteum, luteal phase, endrometrium, 2

Question 69

What are the three principal steps in the ovarian cycle? The ovarian cycle reflects what happens in the ______ and their relationship to the __________ and _______.

Answer 69

– follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary

Question 70

The follicular phase of an ovarian cycle extends from the beginning of _______ until _____ - that is, from day __ to __ in an average cycle.

Answer 70

menstruation, ovulation, 1, 14

Question 71

The portion at the end of menstruation until ovulation is also called the _______ ______. The follicle phase is the most ______ part of the cycle. It is seldom possible to reliably predict the date of _______.

Answer 71

preovulatory phase, variable, ovulation

Question 72

_________ is the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells, typically around day _____.

Answer 72

Ovulation, 14

Question 73

Ovulation: Estradiol stimulates a surge of ____ and a lesser spike in ____ secretion by the pituitary.

Answer 73

LH, FSH

Question 74

Ovulation: LH induces several momentous events. The primary oocyte completes ______, producing a haploid _____ _____ and the ____ ____ ____.

Answer 74

meiosis I, secondary oocyte, first polar body

Question 75

Days 15 to 28, from just after ovulation to the onset of menstruation, are called the _____ (_______) phase.

Answer 75

luteal (postovulatory)

Question 76

Assuming pregnancy does not occur: When the follicle ruptures, it collapses and bleeds into the _____. Clotted blood is slowly absorbed. The ovulated follicle has now become a structure called the _____ _____, named for a yellow lipid that accumulates in the theca interna cells. These cells are now called ____ cells.

Answer 76

antrum, corpus luteum, lutein

Question 77

The menstrual cycle consists of a buildup of the _______ through most of the sexual cycle, followed by its _____ and vaginal _____.

Answer 77

endometrium, breakdown, discharge

Question 78

The menstrual cycle is divided into a ______ phase, _______ phase, ______ phase, and _______ phase.

Answer 78

proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, menstrual

Question 79

The menstrual phase averages ___ days long, and the first day of noticeable discharge is defined as day 1 of the ______ cycle.

Answer 79

5, sexual

Question 80

The layer of endometrial tissue (stratum functionalis) lost in the last menstruation is rebuilt during the ________ phase.

Answer 80

proliferation

Question 81

Gestation (pregnancy) lasts an average of ___ days from conception to childbirth, but the gestational calendar is usually measured from the first day of the woman's _____ _____ _____. Thus the birth is predicted to occur ____ days (___ weeks) from the LMP. The duration of pregnancy, called its _____, is commonly described in 3-month intervals called _______.

Answer 81

266, last menstrual period, 280, 40, term, trimesters

Question 82

The hormones with the strongest influences on pregnancy are ______, ________, _____ _____ _____, and _____ _____ ______. These are secreted primarily by the _______, but the ____ ____ is an important source of hormones in the first several weeks.

Answer 82

estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gondotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, placenta, corpus luteum

Question 83

If the corpus lutem is removed before week ___, abortion almost always occurs. From weeks ___ to ____, the corpus luteum degenerates and the placenta takes over the endocrine functions.

Answer 83

7, 7, 17

Question 84

The ovaries secrete all of the following except: estrogens, progesterone, androgens, follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin

Answer 84

follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 85

The first haploid stage in oogenesis

Answer 85

the secondary oocyte

Question 86

The hormone that most directly influences the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is

Answer 86

progesterone

Question 87

Which of these is not true of the luteal phase of the sexual cycle? Progesterone level is high, The endometrium stores glycogen, ovulation occurs, fertilization may occur, the endometrial glands enlarge

Answer 87

Ovulation occurs

Question 88

Each egg cell develops in its own fluid-filled space called a

Answer 88

follicle

Question 89

The mucosa of the uterus is called

Answer 89

the endometrium

Question 90

A girl's first menstrual period is called

Answer 90

menarche

Question 91

A yellowish structure called the _____ secretes progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle.

Answer 91

corpus luteum

Question 92

Menopause occurs during a midlife period of changing hormone secretion called

Answer 92

climacteric

Question 93

The funnel-like distal end of the uterine tube is called the ____ and has feathery processes called ____.

Answer 93

infundibulum, fimbriae