Exam 1-3 (and Jeopardy) Questions Flashcards
An ionic bond is formed when
an anion meets a cation
- The weakest and most temporary of the following chemical bonds are:
a. Polar covalent bonds
b. Nonpolar covalent bonds
c. Hydrogen bonds
d. Ionic bonds
e. Double covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
The only polysaccharides synthesized in the human body is
glycogen
Which of the following functions is more characteristic of carbohydrates than of proteins?
a. Contraction
b. Energy storage
c. Catalyzing reactions
d. Immune defense
e. Intercellular communication
Energy storage
The arrangement of polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape is called its
tertiary structure
- The feature that most distinguishes a lipid from a carbohydrate is that a lipid is
a. Contains more phosphate
b. Is made from polypeptide chains
c. Is less oxidized than carbohydrates and more caloric
d. Has a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
e. A, b, and c
f. C and d
C and d
- Any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by it is a/an _______. In the human body, _______ serves this function.
Catalyst/enzymes
A chemical named _______ is derived from ATP and widely employed as a “second messenger” in cellular signaling:
cAMP
120 degrees F will allow enzymes to work faster than 20 degrees F.
false
The monomers of a polysaccharide are called amino acids.
False
The Na+ -K+ pump is
A transmembrane protein
Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of
Microvilli
Which of the following processes could occur only in the plasma of a living cell?
Active transport
If a cell were poisoned so it could not make ATP, osmosis through its membrane would cease.
False
The plasma membrane consists primarily of protein molecules
False
Human cells swell or shrink in any solution other than isotonic ones.
True
Fusion of secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane, and release of the vesicle’s contents, is called
Exocytosis
The golgi complex may become lysosomes.
True
If someone bought a saltwater fish in a pet shop and put it in a freshwater aquarium at home, what would happen to the fish’s cells?
Swell
The cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing.
True
Cells come only from pre-existing cells.
True
An individual whale cell can grow to the size of a small dog.
False
There are more organelles than cells in the body
True
In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF.
False
The greater concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate
True
Failure of chloride pumps to regulate adequate saline layer on the cell membrane creates abnormal mucous production. This is found in cystic fibrosus.
True
Both nucleus and mitochondrion are surrounded by a double layered unit membrane.
True
The nucleus is responsible for the genetic control of the cell.
True
Ribosomes play a vital role in protein synthesis.
True
The fluid outside the cell is called
extracellular fluid
_________ are the most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane.
Phospholipids
Proteins can serve all of the following functions except
a. Catalyze metalbolic reactions
b. Give structural strength to cells and tissues
c. Produce muscular and other forms of movement
d. Regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells
e. Store hereditary information
Store hereditary information
Enzymes are specific to substrates because of their shape and their
Active sites
Lactase is the enzyme which specifically breaks down (digests) which sugar?
Lactose
The clear fluid found within a cell which contains organelles and other structures is know as:
Cytoplasm
The ______ division tends to prepare the body for action.
Sympathetic
The autonomic nervous system controls all the following except:
g. Adrenal gland functions
h. Smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta
i. Cardiac muscle in the right atrium
j. Skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
k. Parotid salivary gland function
Skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
The blood brain barrier consists of
Tight junctions between endothelial cells that form a filter within the capillary walls
A patient is experiencing a high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, and intense headaches. A spinal tap showed bacteria and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. This individual most likely has
Meningitis
The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are found in
The medulla oblongata
The functions of the hypothalamus include:
m. Regulate hormone secretion
n. Thermoregulation
o. Regulate hunger and thirst
p. All of the above
All of the above
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in the
Cerebellum
The nervous system employs electrical and chemical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates via the blood through chemical messengers.
True
The primary site on a neuron, that receives signals from other neurons is/are:
Dendrites
When a neuron is stimulated, channel proteins open, allowing ______ to exit the cell:
Na+
The all or none law means:
If threshold is reached, the neuron fires at its maximum voltage
Acetylcholine is degraded in the synaptic cleft by
Acetycholinesterase
The most abundant glial cells in the CNS are
astrocytes
A demyelinating disease seen in adults is
Multiple sclerosis
Identify the cerebral lobe associated with voluntary motor functions, motivation, planning, mood, memory, social judgment and aggression.
Frontal
pain and temperature are detected by
free nerve endings
cochlear hair cells rest on the basilar membrane within the
organ of cortil
the facial and what other cranial nerves sense taste?
Glossopharygneal
all of the rectus muscles of the eye are controlled by the
oculomotor
cranial nerve _____ carries signals for both hearing and balance?
8
the most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on the pit in the retina called the
fovea centralis
which of the following skin conditions or appearances would most likely result from liver failure?
Jaundice
cells of the stratum corneum are
kartinized and dead
blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood is called
cyanosis
the three layers of skin are the
epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
________ sweat glands develop at the same time in life as the pubic and axillary hair, and are associated with phermones and body odor.
apocrine
antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called
gamma globulins
________ is blood plasma minus its clotting proteins.
serum
the universal donor is:
O negative
_________ is a severe deficiency of mature white blood cells.
luekopenia
all mature formed elements of the blood come from ______ ______ _____.
pluripotent stem cells
to get from the right atrium to the right ventricle, blood flows through the ____ ____.
triscuspid valve
the death of the cardiac tissue from lack of blood flow is commonly known as heart attack, but clinically called:
myocardial infarction
the cardiac conduction system includes all of the following except
the tendinous cords
the atria contract during the
P wave
cardiac muscle is more vulnerable to ____ ______ than lack of glucose.
O2 deficiency
what specific part of the heart wall provides a smooth endothelial lining?
Endocardium
Oxygenated blood from the pituitary veins enters what chamber?
The left atrium
Right shoulder pain resulting from gall stones is an example of
referred pain
The malleus is in direct contact with the
tympanic membrane
Vitamin a is necessary for the synthesis of
rhodopsin
The ______ is not a motor cranial nerve
optic
This cranial nerve is the most important sensory nerve of the face.
Trigeminal
Nerve fibers from all regions converge on the optic disc and exit the eye by the way of
the optic nerve
Clouding of the lens so vision is impaired is a condition called
cataracts
The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are found in the
medulla oblongata
Most of the ventricle filling occurs during
atrial systole
When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve ________, and the aortic valve is ______ _____.
closes, pushed open
Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate up the optic chiasm before reaching the ____ ____.
visual cortex
_______ ________ is the most superficial (outermost) layer of the heart
Visceral perdicarium
The ________ performs the contractions of the heart
myocardium
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by
hydrostatic pressure gradients
changes in the cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by
chemoreceptors
Which of the following skin condition appearances would most likely result from allergic reaction to jewelry or soap?
Dermatitis
Which structure allows the upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic membrane?
Auditory eustacian tube
__________ is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the scleral venous sinuss is obstructed and so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
glaucoma
What tissue primarily makes up the hypodermis?
Adipose
Fever blisters found on the chest and back may be cause by
shingles
The oil of your scalp is secreted by
sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles.
hair follicles and nail beds are embedded in the
dermis
The least common but deadliest type of skin cancer is
malignant melanoma
The right side of the heart is associated with
the pulmonary circuit
Burns involving the epidermis and part of the dermis are classified as
second degree
Differential count of neutrophils typically increase in response to
bacterial infections
Partial obstruction of a coronary artery can cause
angina pectoris
The ______ is the region of the pharynx which receives the auditory (eustacian) tube and contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
Nasopharynx
The final air passages which finally give rise to alveoli are:
The terminal bronchioles
Respiratory arrest would most likely result from a tumor of the
Medulla oblongata
Which of these values would normally be the highest? Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Vital capacity
Vital capacity
The _____ protects the lungs from injury by excessive inspiration.
Inflation reflex
Poor blood circulation causes ______ hypoxia.
Ischemic
90% of the CO2 transported by the blood is in the form of ______.
Bicarbonate ions
The superior opening into the larynx is guarded by a tissue flap called the ______.
Epiglottis
The intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than ____pressure for inspiration to occur.
Atmospheric pressure
Atelectasis can result from: Puncture through the thoracic wall in the pleural cavity Lack of surfactant Both a and b None of the above
Both a and b
Labored gasping breathing, and shortness of breath is known as
Dyspnea
The greater the PCo2 the blood is, the lower the pH is.
True
Pepsinogen and trypsinogen are enzymatically inactive proteases.
True
Food in the stomach stimulates the secretion of ______ and pepsinogen.
HCI
Pernicious anemia can result from a lack of _____ in the stomach?
Extrinsic factor
The lacteals absorb
Chylomicrons
Distended veins that protrude into the anal canal are known as?
Hemorrhoids
Anatomically, the _____ of the stomach most closely resemble the ____ of the small intestine.
Gastric pits, intestinal crypts
Nervous stimulation of gastrointestinal activity is mediated mainly through the parasympathetic fibers of the _____ nerves.
Vagus
The submucosal and myenteric plexuses collectively constitute the _____ nervous system.
Enteric
Gallstone formation is know as
Cholelithiasis
The absorption of dietary iron depends on intrinsic factor.
False
Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of bile into the duodenum.
True
Most gastric ulcers are caused by
H. pylori
_______ is a respiratory disease marked by inflammation and hyperplasia of bronchial mucosa, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum
chronic bronchitis
Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
Sickle cell disease
Emphysema
Squamous cell carcinoma
Asthma
Sickle cell disease
_______ is a lung disease marked by fibrotic lung tissue and loss of alveoli
emphysema
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of _____ than in any other form
Bicarbonate ions
One of the forces driving filtration OUT of the arterial end of the capillary is
Erythrocyte pressure
Blood pooling in the lower extremities which cause tortuous external veins are known as:
Varicose veins
All these can lead to edema except:
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
Liver disease
Famine
A healthy diet
A healthy diet
_______ have the thickest tunica media
large arteries
Most blood is found in the ______ at any one point in time.
Veins
Hypertension is commonly considered to be chronic resting blood pressure higher than
120/75
_______ ______ binds to hemoglobin 210 more times than oxygen
carbon monoxide
The devise used to measure rate and depth of breathing is
Spirometer
Which of the following has the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Peripheral vascular resistance
Respiratory rate
Bronchiole diameter
Auscultation meter
Respiratory rate
A weak point in an artery can cause a/an
Aneurism
The mechanisms involved in capillary exchange include
Diffusion and transcytosis
The large artery carrying oxygenated blood in the system circuit is the
Aorta
parietal cells secrete
HCL
pepsinogen is produced by ____ _____, which are located in the _____ _____ of the stomach
chief cells, gastric crypts
parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve mediate
peristalsis
the liver processes
bile, drugs, and toxins
lacteals of the small intestine absorb
lipids
digestion of carbs begins
in the mouth
digestion of protein begins
in the stomach
the thyroid gland controls
hormone secretion in the body
parathyroid glands secrete a hormone in response to
hypocalcemia
glucagon, insulin and somatostatin is secreted by
the pancreas
lack of iodine can lead to
hypothyroidism
the endometrium is the site of
the attached uterus
__________ is the female gamete process that begins at embryonic development
oogenesis
LH reaches its maximum at
ovulation
_____ is an immunoglobulin constitutes 80% of antibodies in the blood plasma
IGG
hypersecretion of cortisol and hypertension is associated with
Cushing’s disease, results in moon face, buffalo hump
__________ is associated with Graves’ disease
hyperthyroidism
_________ from the _____ _____ is associated with Adisen’s disease
hyposecretion from the adrenal glands
natural killer cells and killer-T cells are targeted by
HIV
natural killer cells nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells in the process of
immune surveillance
___ ______ shows involution or degeneration with age
the thymus
________ are secreted by cells that get infected by viruses that protect neighbor cells
interferons
_____, ______, ______, and ______ are the cardinal signs of inflammation
heat, redness, swelling and pain
_________ are artificial active immunity
vaccinations
The ________ is the first menstrual period
menarchy
_____ _____ causes urinary dribbling, etc.
enlarged prostate
