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Western Medicine 502 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the _____

A

bloodstream

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2
Q

_____ glands have ducts and have extracellular effects as in food digestion. _____ glands have no ducts and have intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism.

A

exocrine, endocrine

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3
Q

several chemical function as both _____ and _____ such as norepinephrine, cholecystokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine and antidiuretic hormone. Endocrine and nervous systems regulate each other. Neurons trigger _____ secretion, and _____ stimulate or inhibit neurons.

A

hormones, neurotransmitters, hormone, hormones

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4
Q

3 chemical classes of hormones

A

steroids
peptides and glycoproteins
monoamines

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5
Q

_____ are derived from cholesterol. They are secreted by _____ and _____ glands. They include estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, DHEA, and calcitriol

A

steroids, gonads, adrenal

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6
Q

Peptides and glycoproteins are created from _____ _____ and secreted by the _____ and _____. They include oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, releasing and inhibiting homrones, and anterior pituitary hormones.

A

amino acids, pituitary, hypothalamus

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7
Q

_____ are derived from amino acids and secreted by _____, _____ and _____ glands. They include epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, and thyroid hormone

A

monoamines, adrenal, pineal, thyroid

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8
Q

The hypothalamus “instructs” the pituitary gland by producing _____ factors or _____ factors which affect pituitary function.

A

releasing, inhibiting

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9
Q

Thryotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Corticotroping Releasing Hormone (CRH), Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), and Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) are all hormones that stimulate or inhibit the _____ pituitary

A

anterior

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10
Q

The _____ form the floor and wall of the third ventricle of the brain and is made of neurological tissue (not glandular tissue). It regulates primitive functions of the body from including water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, and childbirth.

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

The _____ gland (_____) is suspended from the hypothalamus by a stalk called the _____. It is housed in a depression of the sphenoid bone called the _____ _____. It has the size and shape of a kidney bean.

A

pituitary, hypophysis, infundibulum, sella turcica

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12
Q

The _____ pituitary (adenohypophysis) is made of _____ tissue, and the _____ pituitary (neurohypophysis) is made up of _____ tissue.

A

anterior, glandular, posterior, neural

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13
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones travel in the _____ _____ system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

A

hypophyseal portal

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14
Q

Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) influence the _____ pituitary.

A

posterior

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15
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are both _____ and _____ by the posterior pituitary, but it does not _____ them.

A

stored, released, synthesize

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16
Q

_____ increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration. It is also called vasopressin because it can cause _____.

A

ADH, vasoconstriction

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17
Q

_____ stimulates labor contractions during childbirth. It also stimulates the flow of milk during lactation.

A

Oxytocin

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18
Q

The 2 gonadotropinc hormones that target the gonads

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone)

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19
Q

FSH stimulates the secretion of _____ sex hormones, the development of ovarian _____, and _____ production

A

ovarian, follicles, sperm

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20
Q

LH stimulates _____, stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete _____, and stimulates the testes to secrete _____

A

ovulation, progesterone, testosterone

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21
Q

_____ stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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22
Q

_____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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23
Q

After birth, _____ stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk. It also enhances the secretion of testosterone by the testes.

A

prolacting (PRL)

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24
Q

_____ stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation.

A

growth hormone (GH)

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25
Q

Control of the pituitary through feedback from target organs: _____ feedback increases target organ hormone levels to inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary. In _____ feedback, the stretching of the uterus increases OT release, causing mores stretching of the uterus until delivery occurs.

A

negative, positive

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26
Q

_____ stimulates adenohypophysis of the anterior pituitary. _____ has widespread effects on the body tissues, especially the cartilage, bone, muscle and fat. It induces the _____ to produce growth stimulants including insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I) or somatomedins (IGF-II). They increase _____ synthesis and _____ metabolism.

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GHRF), liver, protein, lipid

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27
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood can lead to _____. It is usually due to _____ in the pituitary gland. It can alter the facial bones, enlarges the hands and feet, increase bone density, and increase sweating.

A

acromelagy, adenoma

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28
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children is rare, and is usually due to _____ of the pituitary. It can result in _____.

A

adenoma, giantism

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29
Q

The _____ _____ is our biological clock and is stimulated by light. It may synchronize our physiological function with a 24-hr circadian rhythm of daylight and darkness. It synthesizes _____ from serotonin during the night, and this process fluctuates seasonally with changes in day length.

A

pineal gland, melatonin

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30
Q

_____ _____ disorder occurs in the winter or northern climates. Its symptoms are depression, sleepiness, irritability and carbohydrate craving. _____ involves 2-3 hours of exposure to bright light each day reduces the _____ levels and the symptoms.

A

seasonal affective disorder (SAD), phototherapy, melatonin

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31
Q

The thymus plays a role in these 3 systems

A

endocrine
lymphatic
immune

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32
Q

The _____ is the bilobed gland in the mediastinum superior to the heart. It progressively degenerates or shrinks after _____. It is the site of maturation of _____, which are important in immune defense. It also secretes hormones that stimulate the development of other lymphatic organs, as well as the activity of T-lymphocytes.

A

thymus, puberty, T-cells

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33
Q

The thyroid gland secretes _____ which has ___ iodine atoms, and _____ which has ___ iodine atoms. _____ is converted into _____.

A

thyroxine (T4), 4, triiodothyronine (T3), 3, T4, T3

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34
Q

The _____ is considered the “master gland.” Thus, dietary _____ is necessary,

–too little can cause _____, but this is rare in the US.

A

thyroid, iodine, hypothyroidism

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35
Q

The thyroid gland secretes _____ which regulates serum Ca+ levels. _____ stimulus is reflected in _____ serum Ca+. It also stimulates osteoblast activity and _____ formation.

A

calcitonin, calcitonin, elevated, bone

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36
Q

There are ___ glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. They secrete _____ _____, which increases blood _____ levels.

A

4, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca2+

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37
Q

Increased blood Ca2+ levels increases _____ of Ca2+, _____ urinary excretion, and _____ bone resorption.

A

absorption, decreases, increases

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38
Q

The _____ gland is a small gland that sits on top of each kidney.

A

adrenal

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39
Q

The adrenal _____ is the inner core of the adrenal gland. It acts as both an _____ gland and a sympathetic _____ of the sympathetic nervous system. When stimulated, it releases catecholamines _____ and _____ and a trace of dopamine into the bloodstream.

A

medulla, endocrine, ganglion, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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40
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase alertness and prepare the body in several ways for physical activity. They mobilize _____ _____ _____ such as lactate, fatty acids and glucose. Glucose levels are boosted by _____ and _____.

A

high energy fuels, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

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41
Q

Epinephrine is said to have a ____ ____ effect because it inhibits the secretion of insulin, so the muscles and other insulin-dependent organs absorb and consume less _____. They fall back on alternative fuels such as fatty acids, while the blood _____ is left for use by the brain, which is more _____-dependent.

A

glucose-sparing, glucose, glucose, glucose

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42
Q

Epineprhone and norepinephrine also increase _____ rate and _____ pressure, stimulate circulation to the _____, increase pulmonary air flow, and raise _____ rate. At the same time, they decrease _____ and _____ production.

A

heart, blood, muscles, metabolic, digestion, urine

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43
Q

The adrenal _____ surrounds the adrenal medulla and produces more than 25 steroid hormones called corticosteroids or corticoids.

A

cortex

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44
Q

3 categories of corticosteroids

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex steroids

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45
Q

_____ regulate electrolyte balance. It is mainly _____, which stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion. Water is retained with _____ by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained.

A

mineralocorticoids, aldosterone, sodium

46
Q

_____ is a glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood. It helps the body adapt to stress and repair tissues. Long term production of this glucocorticoid under long term stress can lead to _____ suppression.

A

cortisol, immune

47
Q

_____ are sex steroid that set the libido throughout life. They play a large role in prenatal male development. They include DHEA, which the tissues convert to _____

A

androgen, testosterone

48
Q

_____ is a sex steroid that is small in quantity, but important after _____ for sustaining adult bone mass because the ovaries no longer secrete estrogen–only the adrenals do. Also, other tissues, such as fat, convert _____ into additional estrogen.

A

estradiol, menopause, androgens

49
Q

_____ disease is hyposecretion of the entire adrenal gland. This leads to insufficient androgens, mineralcorticoids and glucorticoids, resulting in fatuge, salt cravings, low blood pressure, and pigmentation increase.

A

Addison’s

50
Q

The _____ is an exocrine digestive gland with endocrine cell clusters (_____ islets) that is found retroperitoneal, inferior and posterior to the stomach.

A

pancreas, pancreatic

51
Q

3 pancreatic hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

52
Q

The islets of Langerhans produce _____, while the other 98% of pancreatic cells produce _____ _____.

A

hormones, digestive enzymes

53
Q

_____ is secreted by B or beta cells during and after a meal when _____ and _____ _____ blood levels are rising. It stimulates cells to absorb these nutrients and store or metabolize them, lowering blood _____ levels.

A

insulin, glucose, amino acid, glucose

54
Q

_____ is secreted by A or alpha cells when blood is hypoglycemic. In the _____ it stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and the release of glucose into the circulation, _____ blood glucose level. In adipose tissue, it stimulates fat catabolism and release of free _____ _____.

A

glucagon, liver, raising, fatty acids

55
Q

_____ is secreted by D or delta cells. It partially suppresses the secretion of _____ and _____. It also inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which _____ absorption of nutrients.

A

somatostatin, glucagon, insulin, prolongs

56
Q

_____ occurs when glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone raise blood glucose concentration.

A

hyperglycermia

57
Q

hypoglycemia occurs when the hormone _____ lowers blood glucose.

A

insulin

58
Q

ovaries and testes are both _____ and _____. _____ products are gonadal hormones, mostly steriods, and _____ products are egg and sperm

A

endocrine, exocrine, endocrine, exocrine

59
Q

estradiol, progesterone, and inhibit are _____ hormones.

A

ovarian

60
Q

testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen and inhibin are _____ hormones

A

testicular

61
Q

_____ and _____ function in the development of the female reproductive system and physique, including adolescent bone growth. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and sustain pregnancy. They prepare the mammary glands for lacation.

A

estradiol, progesterone

62
Q

The ovarian hormone _____ suppresses FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

A

inhibin

63
Q

microscopic _____ _____ produce sperm

A

seminiferous tubules

64
Q

Testosterone and other steroids are secreted from the interstitial cells or cells of _____ nestled between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They stimulate the development of the male reproductive system in both the fetus and adolescent, as well as sex drive. It sustains _____ production.

A

Leydig, sperm

65
Q

In the testes, inhibin is secreted by the _____ cells. It limits _____ secretion in order to regulate sperm production.

A

sustentacular (Sertoli), FSH

66
Q

One hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of many _____ molecules, so a very small stimulus can produce a very large effect.

A

enzyme

67
Q

An example of a synergistic hormonal effect is that between _____ and _____ in sperm production

A

FSH, testosterone

68
Q

An example of a permissive hormonal effect, in which one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second later hormone, is when _____ prepares the uterus for the action of _____.

A

estrogen, progesterone

69
Q

An example of an antagonistic hormonal effect, in which one hormone opposes the action of another, is when _____ lower blood glucose and _____ raises it.

A

insulin, glucagon

70
Q

Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the _____ and _____ and excreted in _____ or _____

A

liver, kidney, bile, urine

71
Q

_____ _____ _____ is the rate of hormone removal from the blood. A _____ _____ is the time required to clear 50% of hormones from the blood.

A

metabolic clearance rate (MCR), half-life

72
Q

Stress can be defined as any situation that upsets _____ and threaten’s one physical or emotional well-being. Its 3 phases are _____, _____ and _____.

A

homeostasis, alarm, resistance, exhaustion

73
Q

Alarm reaction is mediated by _____ from the sympathetic nervous system and _____ from the adrenal medulla. They prepare the body for fight or flight. Stored _____ is consumed, and there is an increase in _____ to help raise blood pressure, and _____ to promote sodium and water conservation.

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, glycogen, angiotensin, aldosterone

74
Q

In the resistance stage, the pituitary increases its secretion of _____. This stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete _____ and other glucocorticoids. They promote the breakdown of _____ and _____ into glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids for _____.

A

ACTH, cortisol, fat, protein, gluconeogenesis

75
Q

Cortisol has a glucose-sparing effect, which inhibits _____ synthesis to leave free amino acids for gluconeogenesis. Long term cortisol excess depresses _____ function.

A

protein, immune

76
Q

In the exhaustion stage, protein breakdown and muscle wasting take place. There is a loss of glucose homeostasis because the adrenal cortex stops producing _____. _____ promotes water retention and hypertension and conserves sodium and hastens the elimination of K+ and H+ leading to hypokalemia and alkalosis, which can lead to death.

A

glucocorticoids, aldosterone

77
Q

_____ are chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells. They are NOT produced in neurons (like neurotransmitters), and NOT trans ported in the blood (like hormones).

A

paracrines

78
Q

_____ are formed from mast cells in the connective tissue, and cause relaxation of the smooth muscle of blood vessels.

A

histamines

79
Q

_____ relax the smooth muscle of the bladder, instestines, bronchioles, uterus and stimulate contraction of blood vessels. It is both anti-inflammatory and inflammatory.

A

protaglandins

80
Q

_____ _____ is the hyposecretion of TH present at birth. It is treated with oral thyroid hormone.

A

congenital hypothyroidism

81
Q

_____ is decreased TH from adult hypothyroidism. It is treated with oral thyroid hormone.

A

myxedema

82
Q

_____ is any pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland. _____ _____ is caused by dietary iodine deficiency, which prevents the gland from synthesizing TH. Without TH, the pituitary gland receive no feedback and acts as if the thyroid were understimulated. It then produces extra TSH, which stimulates hyertrophy of the thyroid gland.

A

goiter, endemic goiter

83
Q

_____ _____ is an autoimmune issue that results in hypothyroidism.

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

84
Q

In _____ disease, autoantibodies mimic the effect of TSH on the thyroid causing hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include exopthalmos (bulging eyes), dry skin, irregular heart beat, and goiter.

A

Graves

85
Q

_____ results when the parathyroids are accidentally removed during thyroid surgery. Without hormone replacement therapy, a rapid decline in blood calcium level leads to fatal tetany within 3-4 days.

A

hypoparathyroidism

86
Q

_____ is excess PTH secretion. It is caused by a parathyroid tumor. It causes the bones to become soft, fragile and deformed. It also causes Ca2_ and phosphate blood levels to increase, and promotes renal calculi formation.

A

hyperparathyroidism

87
Q

_____ _____ is excess cortisol secretion. It can lead to hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, and edema, and cause rapid msucle and bonoe loss due to protein catabolism. Some patients exhibit abnormal fat deposition in a “buffalo hump” between the shoulders or a “moon face”.

A

cushing syndrome

88
Q

_____ _____ is the hypersecretion of adrenal androgens and commonly accompanies Cushing syndrome. It involves the enlargement of the external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty. Newborn girls exhibit masculinized genitalia. Masculinizing effects on women include increased body hair, deeper voice and beard growth.

A

adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)

89
Q

_____ _____ is the more prevalent metabolic disease in the world. It involves the disruption of metabolism due to the hyposecretion of or inaction of insulin. Symptoms include polyuria (excess urine output), polydipsia (intense thirst), and polyphagia (hunger). It is revealed by elevated blood _____, and the presence of _____ and _____ in the urine.

A

diabetes mellitus, glucose, glucose, ketones

90
Q

Type ___ diabetes occurs in 5-10% of cases in the US. It is caused by autoantibodies that attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells. It is treated with insulin.

A

1

91
Q

Type ___ diabetes occurs in 90-95% of diabetics. It is caused by the failure of target cells to respond to insulin. It is treated with weight loss and exercise, because loss of muscle mass causes difficulty with regulation of glycermia, and adipose signals interfere with glucose uptake into most cells. Oral medications can improve insulin secretion or target cell sensitivity.

A

2

92
Q

CRH secretion would NOT raise the blood concentration of (ACTH, thyroxine, cortisol, corticosterone, glucose)

A

thyroxine

93
Q

Which of the following hormones has the least in common with the others? (adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin, thyroxine, prolactin)

A

thyroxine

94
Q

Which hormone would no longer be secreted if the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract were distroyed?

A

oxytocin

95
Q

Which of the following is NOT a hormone? (prolactin, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, thyroxine-binding globulin, atrial natriuretic peptide, cortisol)

A

thyroxine-binding globulin

96
Q

Where are the receptors for insulin located?

A

on the target cell membrane

97
Q

What would the consequences of defective ADH receptors?

A

dehydration

98
Q

Which of these has more exocrine that endocrine tissue? (the pineal gland, the adenohypophysis, the thyroid gland, the pancreas, the adrenal gland)

A

the pancreas

99
Q

Which of these cells stimulate bone deposition? (alpha cells, beta cells, C cells, G cells, T cells)

A

C cells

100
Q

Which of these hormones relies on cAMP as a second messenger? (ACTH, progesterone, thyroxine, testosterone, estrogen)

A

ACTH

101
Q

Prostaglandins are derived from ____ _____.

A

arachidonic acid

102
Q

The ______ develops from the hypopphyseal pouch in the embryo.

A

adenohypophysis

103
Q

Thyroxine (T4) is synthesized by combining two iodinated molecules of the amino acid ______.

A

tryosine

104
Q

growth hormone hypersecretion in adulthood causes a disease called _________.

A

acromegaly

105
Q

The dominant hormone in the stage of resistance of the stress response is _______.

A

cortisol

106
Q

Adrenal steroids that regulate glucose metabolism are collectively called ______.

A

glycocorticoids

107
Q

Testosterone is secreted by the _____ cells of the testis.

A

interstitial

108
Q

Target cells can reduce pituitary secretion by a process called _____.

A

negative feedback inhibition

109
Q

Hypothalamic releasing factors are delivered to the anterior pituitary by way of a network of blood vessels called the ______.

A

hypophyseal portal system

110
Q

A hormone is said to have a/an _______ effect when it stimulates the target cell to develop receptors for other hormones to follow.

A

permissive

111
Q

_______ is a process in which a cell increases its numbering of receptors for a hormone.

A

Up-regulation

Western Medicine 502 (10 decks)

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