Urinary system

Question 1

urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

remove metabolic wastes from blood out of the body

Question 2

kidney location

Answer 2

high on posterior abdominal wall
left is higher than the right
retroperitoneal

Question 3

renal capsule

Answer 3

tough fibrous shell around kidney

Question 4

renal cortex

Answer 4

outer portion of kidney

Question 5

renal medulla

Answer 5

inner portion of kidney

Question 6

renal pyramids

Answer 6

cone shaped masses of tissue in renal medulla

Question 7

renal pelvis

Answer 7

superior end of ureter, expanded to form funnel shape

Question 8

major calyx (calyces)

Answer 8

divisions of renal pelvis (2-3)

Question 9

minor calyx (calyces)

Answer 9

divisions of major calyx (4-6)

Question 10

papilla

Answer 10

tip of renal pyramid

Question 11

renal maintenance of blood

Answer 11

RBC formation (erythropoietin)
blood pressure (renin)
blood volume (ADH)
blood composition (osmolarity)
blood pH (bicarb)
vitamin D

Question 12

nephron

Answer 12

functional unit of kidney; 85% are cortical, 15% are juxtamedullary; composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Question 13

renal corpuscle

Answer 13

glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule

Question 14

renal tubule

Answer 14

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 15

blood flow (heart -> kidney)

Answer 15

aorta
renal artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
glomerular capillaries
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries / vesa recta

Question 16

vesa recta

Answer 16

long-hairpin shaped vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle; slow rate of blood flow which helps maintain the osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption

Question 17

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 17

point of contact between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule; regulates glomerular filtration; macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells

Question 18

macula densa

Answer 18

cells in DCT in contact with afferent arteriole; dense spot

Question 19

juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 19

smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

Question 20

urine formation

Answer 20

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 21

glomerular filtration

Answer 21

fenestrated glomerular capillaries filter water and dissolved materials from blood, leaving filtrate in Bowman’s capsule; proteins are NOT filtered

Question 22

hydrostatic pressure (renal)

Answer 22

glomerular capillaries 60mmHg

Bowman’s capsule 15mmHg

Question 23

oncotic pressure (renal)

Answer 23

glomerular 25mmHg

Bowman’s capsule 0mmHg

Question 24

amount of production

Answer 24

filter 125ml per minute; most reabsorbed

Question 25

glomerular filtration rate

Answer 25

juxtaglomerular apparatus | blood pressure/volume

Question 26

tubular reabsorption

Answer 26

1. process by which substances are transported from the glomerular filtrate to blood in peritubular capillaries 2. most occurs in PCT through active transport/osmosis 3. reabsorbed substances include: glucose (only in PCT), amino acids, water, ions, etc.

Question 27

tubular secretion

Answer 27

1. process by which substances are transported from the blood in peritubular capillaries into the DCT. 2. maintains ion concentrations (Na+ and K+ are inversely related)

Question 28

regulation blood concentration/volume

Answer 28

ADH promotes reabsorption of water through the collecting ducts (negative feedback); stimulus is based on osmolarity of ICE of superoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

Question 29

excretion of wastes

Answer 29

by products from amino acid metabolism (urea) and nucleotide metabolism (uric acid); reabsorbed by tubules, but secreted back into urine

Question 30

urine composition

Answer 30

95% water | 5% urea, uric acid, amino acids, electrolytes

Question 31

ureters

Answer 31

1. small tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder through peristaltic movements 2. 25-29cm; retroperitoneal 3. 3 layers: inner mucosa (transitional epithelium), middle muscular (smooth muscle), outer serosa (fibrous CT)

Question 32

bladder

Answer 32

1. within pelvic cavity, behind symphysis pubis 2. hollow, distensible, muscular (detrusor) with transitional epithelium covered with fibrous CT 3. function: storage of urine

Question 33

urethra

Answer 33

1. tube that carries urine from bladder to outside 2. length: 4cm (F), 20cm (M) 3. internal (smooth m.) and external (skeletal m.) sphincters

Question 34

micturition

Answer 34

process by which urine is expelled from he body

Question 35

trigone

Answer 35

triangle formation within the bladder composed of the passageways to the ureters and urethra

Question 36

urine process

Answer 36

``` Bowman's capsule PCT loop of Henle DCT collecting ducts minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder urethra POTTY! :D ```

Question 37

3 common diseases of urinary system

Answer 37

1. cystitis/ureteritis: bacterial infection; pain, frequency, urgency, possible fever 2. kidney stones: 75% calcium oxalate; can be seen on X-ray; pain management, lithotripsy, or surgery 3. pyelonephritis: kidney infection often resulting from bladder infection; same symptoms plus sharp flank pain