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Pre-DC - A&P II > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

remove metabolic wastes from blood out of the body

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2
Q

kidney location

A

high on posterior abdominal wall
left is higher than the right
retroperitoneal

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3
Q

renal capsule

A

tough fibrous shell around kidney

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4
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of kidney

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5
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of kidney

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6
Q

renal pyramids

A

cone shaped masses of tissue in renal medulla

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7
Q

renal pelvis

A

superior end of ureter, expanded to form funnel shape

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8
Q

major calyx (calyces)

A

divisions of renal pelvis (2-3)

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9
Q

minor calyx (calyces)

A

divisions of major calyx (4-6)

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10
Q

papilla

A

tip of renal pyramid

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11
Q

renal maintenance of blood

A 
RBC formation (erythropoietin)
blood pressure (renin)
blood volume (ADH)
blood composition (osmolarity)
blood pH (bicarb)
vitamin D
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12
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney; 85% are cortical, 15% are juxtamedullary; composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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13
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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15
Q

blood flow (heart -> kidney)

A 
aorta
renal artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
interlobular artery
afferent arteriole
glomerular capillaries
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries / vesa recta
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16
Q

vesa recta

A

long-hairpin shaped vessels that run parallel to the loops of Henle; slow rate of blood flow which helps maintain the osmotic gradient required for water reabsorption

17
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

point of contact between the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule; regulates glomerular filtration; macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells

18
Q

macula densa

A

cells in DCT in contact with afferent arteriole; dense spot

19
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

20
Q

urine formation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

21
Q

glomerular filtration

A

fenestrated glomerular capillaries filter water and dissolved materials from blood, leaving filtrate in Bowman’s capsule; proteins are NOT filtered

22
Q

hydrostatic pressure (renal)

A

glomerular capillaries 60mmHg

Bowman’s capsule 15mmHg

23
Q

oncotic pressure (renal)

A

glomerular 25mmHg

Bowman’s capsule 0mmHg

24
Q

amount of production

A

filter 125ml per minute; most reabsorbed

25
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

blood pressure/volume

26
Q

tubular reabsorption

A
  1. process by which substances are transported from the glomerular filtrate to blood in peritubular capillaries
  2. most occurs in PCT through active transport/osmosis
  3. reabsorbed substances include: glucose (only in PCT), amino acids, water, ions, etc.
27
Q

tubular secretion

A
  1. process by which substances are transported from the blood in peritubular capillaries into the DCT.
  2. maintains ion concentrations (Na+ and K+ are inversely related)
28
Q

regulation blood concentration/volume

A

ADH promotes reabsorption of water through the collecting ducts (negative feedback); stimulus is based on osmolarity of ICE of superoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

29
Q

excretion of wastes

A

by products from amino acid metabolism (urea) and nucleotide metabolism (uric acid); reabsorbed by tubules, but secreted back into urine

30
Q

urine composition

A

95% water

5% urea, uric acid, amino acids, electrolytes

31
Q

ureters

A
  1. small tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder through peristaltic movements
  2. 25-29cm; retroperitoneal
  3. 3 layers: inner mucosa (transitional epithelium), middle muscular (smooth muscle), outer serosa (fibrous CT)
32
Q

bladder

A
  1. within pelvic cavity, behind symphysis pubis
  2. hollow, distensible, muscular (detrusor) with transitional epithelium covered with fibrous CT
  3. function: storage of urine
33
Q

urethra

A
  1. tube that carries urine from bladder to outside
  2. length: 4cm (F), 20cm (M)
  3. internal (smooth m.) and external (skeletal m.) sphincters
34
Q

micturition

A

process by which urine is expelled from he body

35
Q

trigone

A

triangle formation within the bladder composed of the passageways to the ureters and urethra

36
Q

urine process

A 
Bowman's capsule
PCT
loop of Henle
DCT
collecting ducts
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
POTTY! :D
37
Q

3 common diseases of urinary system

A
  1. cystitis/ureteritis: bacterial infection; pain, frequency, urgency, possible fever
  2. kidney stones: 75% calcium oxalate; can be seen on X-ray; pain management, lithotripsy, or surgery
  3. pyelonephritis: kidney infection often resulting from bladder infection; same symptoms plus sharp flank pain

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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