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Pre-DC - A&P II > Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system functions

A
  1. produce gametes
  2. transport gametes
  3. maintain gametes
  4. maintain developing zygote/fetus (F)
  5. produce sex hormones (M=testosterone; F=estrogen/progesterone)
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2
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that results in gametes that produce half the number of the parent cell e.g. sperm (haploid) = 23 chromosomes, egg (haploid) = 23 chromosomes, fertilization = 46 chromosomes

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3
Q

diploid

A

in humans, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

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4
Q

haploid

A

in humans, 23 chromosomes

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5
Q

simplified meiosis

A
  1. one parent cell: two sets of duplicated chromosomes
  2. two daughter cells: one set of duplicated chromosomes
  3. four gametes: one set of chromosomes
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6
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  1. meiosis in male (testes); results in 4 sperm

2. before puberty, diploid; after puberty, haploid

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7
Q

oogenesis

A

meiosis in female (ovaries); results in 1 ovum due to unequal cytokinesis

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8
Q

interphase I

A

chromosomes replicate in parent cell, 23 pairs of duplicated chromosomes

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9
Q

meiosis I

A

reduction division

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10
Q

prophase I

A

chromosomes shorten/thicken, nuclear envelope disappear, mitotic spindle appears, chromosomes form tetrads (synapsis)

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11
Q

tetrads

A

homologous pairs arranged together

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12
Q

metaphase I

A

homologous pairs line up along metaphase plate

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13
Q

karyokinesis

A

nucleus division

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm division

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15
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous pairs separate; one member of each pair moves to opposite pole; cleavage furrow forms

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16
Q

telophase I

A

cleavage furrow complete (cytokinesis); 2 daughter cells containing half the chromosome number of parent cell (23 duplicated chromosomes)

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17
Q

meiosis II

A

equatorial division; results in 4 gametes with 23 chromosomes

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18
Q

testes function

A

produce sperm and male sex hormones

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19
Q

testes structure

A
  1. ovoid structures within scrotum

2. divided into lobules which contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of Leydig

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20
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

production of sperm cells under the influence of FSH; lined by stratified epithelium (germinal)

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21
Q

interstitial cells of Leydig

A

production of testosterone under the influence of LH or ICSH

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22
Q

epididymis

A
  1. where seminiferous tubules unite on the outer surface of the testes
  2. tightly coiled tubule leads to vas deferent
  3. storage of sperm
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23
Q

germinal epithelium

A
  1. spermatogenic cells

2. supporting cells

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24
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

give rise to sperm cells

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25
Q

supporting cells

A

aka sustentacular, sertoli, or nurse cells which support and nourish spermatogenic cells

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26
Q

scrotum

A
  1. pouch of skin and fat that holds testes

2. keeps testes 2 degrees cooler than core temp for viable sperm

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27
Q

male spermatogenesis

A
  1. one spermatogonium (23 pairs of chromosomes) duplicates DNA
  2. one primary spermocyte (23 duplicated pairs of chromosomes) undergoes meiosis I
  3. two secondary spermatocytes (each with 23 duplicated chromosomes) under meiosis II
  4. four spermatids (each with 23 chromosomes) mature
  5. four sperm cells collect in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
  6. travel to, mature, stored in epididymis
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28
Q

sperm structure

A
  1. head: 23 chromosomes covered by acrosome
  2. body: contains mitochondria needed to produce ATP for energy
  3. tail: flagellum that provides locomotion
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29
Q

acrosome

A

contains enzymes to help penetrate oocyte

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30
Q

hormonal control of testes

A

hypothalamus: GnRH to pituitary

anterior pituitary: secretes FSH, LH

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31
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone stimulates spermatogenesis in germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells of Leydig to produce testosterone

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33
Q

testosterone

A
  1. begins at puberty
  2. increased growth of body hair e.g. facial, axillary, inguinal
  3. vocal cords of larynx lowering pitch
  4. increased muscular growth
  5. increased bone strength
  6. increase in sebaceous gland secretions
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34
Q

vas (ductus) deferens

A

muscular tube which passes upward from testes, through parietal peritoneum (inguinal canal) into abdominal cavity; site of vasectomy

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35
Q

spermatic cord

A

vas deferens, testicular vessels, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle

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36
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

within prostate gland, fusion between seminal vesicle and vas deferens

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37
Q

seminal vesicle

A
  1. sac-like structure attached to vas deferens
  2. approximately 2/3 volume of semen
  3. secretes alkaline viscous fluid that contains fructose, for sperm energy, prostaglandins for motility, and clotting proteins (vesiculase) for initial semen coagulation
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38
Q

prostate gland

A
  1. surrounds urethra beneath bladder
  2. secretes milky, acidic fluid which enhances motility
  3. constitutes 1/4 volume of semen
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39
Q

bulbourethral glands

A
  1. aka Cowper’s glands, 2 small structures beneath prostate

2. secretes lubricant for penis

40
Q

semen

A

sperm cells and seminal fluid

41
Q

seminal fluid

A

fluids from seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral

42
Q

cremaster muscle

A

extension of internal oblique that elevates testicles during arousal and exposure to cold

43
Q

dartos muscle

A

muscular part of scrotum for elevation of testicles

44
Q

penis

A
  1. male excitatory organ
  2. cylindrical body composed of 3 columns of erectile tissue
  3. completely surrounds urethra
45
Q

corpora cavernosa

A

pair, dorsally located within penis

46
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

ventrally located within penis, houses urethra

47
Q

glans penish

A

enlarged distal portion of corpus spongiosum

48
Q

tunica albuginea

A

does not stretch, pearly white, covering each of the 3 penile columns

49
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin; loose fold of skin covering the glans as a sheath; removed during circumcision

50
Q

erection

A

parasympathetic; vascular spaces within penis become engorged with blood

51
Q

emission

A

movement of semen from epididymis to urethra; avg sperm count 50-150 million/mL

52
Q

ejaculation

A

sympathetic; forecful moment of semen from urethra to outside

53
Q

orgasm (male)

A

culmination of sexual stimulation accompanies by involuntary rhythmic contractions of epididymis causing emission and ejaculation of semen, resulting in a sense of psychological and physiological release

54
Q

male disorders

A
  1. erectile dysfunction
  2. testicular cancer
  3. prostate enlargement (BPH, cancer)
  4. cryptorchidism
55
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testes

56
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

  1. testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase. Normally, T > DHT
  2. ratio of T and DHT change with age. Increase in DHT increases the size of the prostate around the bladder
57
Q

ovaries

A
  1. primary female sex organs which produce ova and female sex hormones
  2. solid ovoid structures located on posterior wall of pelvic cavity
58
Q

ovarian medulla

A

CT, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves; nourishment and support

59
Q

ovarian cortex

A

ovarian follicles covered by germinal epithelium

60
Q

oogenesis

A

mitosis of primordial germ cells within female embryos produce diploid oogonia and duplicate their DNA

61
Q

primary oocytes

A
  1. born with all their potential ova as primary oocytes

2. at puberty, each month, FSH stimulates one primary oocyte to undergo Meiosis I

62
Q

secondary oocyte

A
  1. only 1 due to unequal cytokinesis
  2. ovulated from ovary
  3. only undergoes meiosis II if penetrated by sperm
63
Q

ovulation

A
  1. oogenesis is complete as the follicle matures (14 days)
  2. LH causes follicle to burst releasing secondary oocyte
  3. oocyte is drawn to Fallopian tube via fimbriae
64
Q

fallopian tubes

A
  1. aka uterine tubes, oviduct, salpinx
  2. pass medially from ovaries to uterus
  3. distal ends expanded over ovary
  4. common site of ovulation
65
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes progesterone; becomes corpus albicans

66
Q

uterus

A

muscular organ within pelvis, suspended by ligaments, that receives embryo and sustains life

67
Q

uterine layers

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

68
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining; site of implantation; becomes placenta during pregnancy

69
Q

endometriosis

A
  1. endometrial tissue in locations other than uterus

2. bleeds, doesn’t shed, resulting in scaring/adhesions, painful, potentially causing infertility

70
Q

endometriosis type 1

A

deep into muscle; adenomyosis

71
Q

endometriosis type 2

A

other areas, dysmenorrhea

72
Q

myometrium

A

bundles of smooth muscle

73
Q

perimetrium

A

visceral covering

74
Q

cervix

A

lower 1/3 of uterus; has internal/external os, cervical canal, fornix

75
Q

pap smear

A

taken from cervical tissue at the squamocolumnar junction

76
Q

metaplasia

A

changes in epithelial type

77
Q

dysplasia

A

pre-malignant

78
Q

anaplasia

A

cancerous

79
Q

vagina

A

passageway from cervix to outside; receives erect penis, uterine secretions, transport offspring

80
Q

hymen

A

membrane composed of epithelium and connective tissue, partially closes vaginal orifice

81
Q

labia

A

major/minor; external organs; enclose and protect underlying organs/tissue

82
Q

vestibule of vulva

A

spaces enclosed by a labia minora

83
Q

clitoris

A

external excitatory organ; small projection at the anterior end of the labia; composed of 2 columns of erectile tissue

84
Q

female erection

A

erectile tissues of clitoris become engorged with blood and swell during stimulation; also retracts

85
Q

female orgasm

A

rhythmic contraction of muscles of perineum, uterine wall, and Fallopian tubes, which result in a feeling of psychological and physiological release

86
Q

female gonadotropins

A
  1. FSH causes maturation of a follicle; secreted from day 0-14, primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I (proliferative)
  2. LH surge on day 14 causes ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum (secretory)
87
Q

female sex hormones

A

estrogen

progesterone

88
Q

estrogen

A

produced by maturing follicle (days 1-14)

responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

89
Q

female secondary sex characteristics

A
  1. axillary/inguinal hair follicles
  2. breasts/mammary glands
  3. adipose tissue on hips, buttocks, thighs
  4. endometrium of uterus
90
Q

progesterone

A

produces by corpus luteum (days 14-24)

targets endometrium, thickening lining and formation of glands/vessels

91
Q

mittelschmerz

A

pain at ovulation

92
Q

morula

A

solid ball of 32 cells 96h after fertilization

93
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells surrounding central cavity; implants around day 5

94
Q

pregnancy hormones

A

estrogen/progesterone: maintained by corpus luteum until placenta takes over around month 3
HCG: from placenta, detected day 8 in urine, within 24h in blood

95
Q

relaxin

A

from placenta and ovaries; relaxes pubic symphysis and ligaments; dilates cervix

96
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits secretion of FSH

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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