Reproductive Systems Flashcards
1
Q
reproductive system functions
A
- produce gametes
- transport gametes
- maintain gametes
- maintain developing zygote/fetus (F)
- produce sex hormones (M=testosterone; F=estrogen/progesterone)
2
Q
meiosis
A
cell division that results in gametes that produce half the number of the parent cell e.g. sperm (haploid) = 23 chromosomes, egg (haploid) = 23 chromosomes, fertilization = 46 chromosomes
3
Q
diploid
A
in humans, 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
4
Q
haploid
A
in humans, 23 chromosomes
5
Q
simplified meiosis
A
- one parent cell: two sets of duplicated chromosomes
- two daughter cells: one set of duplicated chromosomes
- four gametes: one set of chromosomes
6
Q
spermatogenesis
A
- meiosis in male (testes); results in 4 sperm
2. before puberty, diploid; after puberty, haploid
7
Q
oogenesis
A
meiosis in female (ovaries); results in 1 ovum due to unequal cytokinesis
8
Q
interphase I
A
chromosomes replicate in parent cell, 23 pairs of duplicated chromosomes
9
Q
meiosis I
A
reduction division
10
Q
prophase I
A
chromosomes shorten/thicken, nuclear envelope disappear, mitotic spindle appears, chromosomes form tetrads (synapsis)
11
Q
tetrads
A
homologous pairs arranged together
12
Q
metaphase I
A
homologous pairs line up along metaphase plate
13
Q
karyokinesis
A
nucleus division
14
Q
cytokinesis
A
cytoplasm division
15
Q
anaphase I
A
homologous pairs separate; one member of each pair moves to opposite pole; cleavage furrow forms
16
Q
telophase I
A
cleavage furrow complete (cytokinesis); 2 daughter cells containing half the chromosome number of parent cell (23 duplicated chromosomes)
17
Q
meiosis II
A
equatorial division; results in 4 gametes with 23 chromosomes
18
Q
testes function
A
produce sperm and male sex hormones
19
Q
testes structure
A
- ovoid structures within scrotum
2. divided into lobules which contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells of Leydig
20
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
production of sperm cells under the influence of FSH; lined by stratified epithelium (germinal)
21
Q
interstitial cells of Leydig
A
production of testosterone under the influence of LH or ICSH
22
Q
epididymis
A
- where seminiferous tubules unite on the outer surface of the testes
- tightly coiled tubule leads to vas deferent
- storage of sperm
23
Q
germinal epithelium
A
- spermatogenic cells
2. supporting cells
24
Q
spermatogenic cells
A
give rise to sperm cells
25
supporting cells
aka sustentacular, sertoli, or nurse cells which support and nourish spermatogenic cells
26
scrotum
1. pouch of skin and fat that holds testes
| 2. keeps testes 2 degrees cooler than core temp for viable sperm
27
male spermatogenesis
1. one spermatogonium (23 pairs of chromosomes) duplicates DNA
2. one primary spermocyte (23 duplicated pairs of chromosomes) undergoes meiosis I
3. two secondary spermatocytes (each with 23 duplicated chromosomes) under meiosis II
4. four spermatids (each with 23 chromosomes) mature
5. four sperm cells collect in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
6. travel to, mature, stored in epididymis
28
sperm structure
1. head: 23 chromosomes covered by acrosome
2. body: contains mitochondria needed to produce ATP for energy
3. tail: flagellum that provides locomotion
29
acrosome
contains enzymes to help penetrate oocyte
30
hormonal control of testes
hypothalamus: GnRH to pituitary
| anterior pituitary: secretes FSH, LH
31
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone stimulates spermatogenesis in germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules
32
LH
luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells of Leydig to produce testosterone
33
testosterone
1. begins at puberty
2. increased growth of body hair e.g. facial, axillary, inguinal
3. vocal cords of larynx lowering pitch
4. increased muscular growth
5. increased bone strength
6. increase in sebaceous gland secretions
34
vas (ductus) deferens
muscular tube which passes upward from testes, through parietal peritoneum (inguinal canal) into abdominal cavity; site of vasectomy
35
spermatic cord
vas deferens, testicular vessels, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, cremaster muscle
36
ejaculatory duct
within prostate gland, fusion between seminal vesicle and vas deferens
37
seminal vesicle
1. sac-like structure attached to vas deferens
2. approximately 2/3 volume of semen
3. secretes alkaline viscous fluid that contains fructose, for sperm energy, prostaglandins for motility, and clotting proteins (vesiculase) for initial semen coagulation
38
prostate gland
1. surrounds urethra beneath bladder
2. secretes milky, acidic fluid which enhances motility
3. constitutes 1/4 volume of semen
39
bulbourethral glands
1. aka Cowper's glands, 2 small structures beneath prostate
| 2. secretes lubricant for penis
40
semen
sperm cells and seminal fluid
41
seminal fluid
fluids from seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral
42
cremaster muscle
extension of internal oblique that elevates testicles during arousal and exposure to cold
43
dartos muscle
muscular part of scrotum for elevation of testicles
44
penis
1. male excitatory organ
2. cylindrical body composed of 3 columns of erectile tissue
3. completely surrounds urethra
45
corpora cavernosa
pair, dorsally located within penis
46
corpus spongiosum
ventrally located within penis, houses urethra
47
glans penish
enlarged distal portion of corpus spongiosum
48
tunica albuginea
does not stretch, pearly white, covering each of the 3 penile columns
49
prepuce
foreskin; loose fold of skin covering the glans as a sheath; removed during circumcision
50
erection
parasympathetic; vascular spaces within penis become engorged with blood
51
emission
movement of semen from epididymis to urethra; avg sperm count 50-150 million/mL
52
ejaculation
sympathetic; forecful moment of semen from urethra to outside
53
orgasm (male)
culmination of sexual stimulation accompanies by involuntary rhythmic contractions of epididymis causing emission and ejaculation of semen, resulting in a sense of psychological and physiological release
54
male disorders
1. erectile dysfunction
2. testicular cancer
3. prostate enlargement (BPH, cancer)
4. cryptorchidism
55
cryptorchidism
undescended testes
56
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
1. testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase. Normally, T > DHT
2. ratio of T and DHT change with age. Increase in DHT increases the size of the prostate around the bladder
57
ovaries
1. primary female sex organs which produce ova and female sex hormones
2. solid ovoid structures located on posterior wall of pelvic cavity
58
ovarian medulla
CT, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves; nourishment and support
59
ovarian cortex
ovarian follicles covered by germinal epithelium
60
oogenesis
mitosis of primordial germ cells within female embryos produce diploid oogonia and duplicate their DNA
61
primary oocytes
1. born with all their potential ova as primary oocytes
| 2. at puberty, each month, FSH stimulates one primary oocyte to undergo Meiosis I
62
secondary oocyte
1. only 1 due to unequal cytokinesis
2. ovulated from ovary
3. only undergoes meiosis II if penetrated by sperm
63
ovulation
1. oogenesis is complete as the follicle matures (14 days)
2. LH causes follicle to burst releasing secondary oocyte
3. oocyte is drawn to Fallopian tube via fimbriae
64
fallopian tubes
1. aka uterine tubes, oviduct, salpinx
2. pass medially from ovaries to uterus
3. distal ends expanded over ovary
4. common site of ovulation
65
corpus luteum
secretes progesterone; becomes corpus albicans
66
uterus
muscular organ within pelvis, suspended by ligaments, that receives embryo and sustains life
67
uterine layers
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
68
endometrium
inner lining; site of implantation; becomes placenta during pregnancy
69
endometriosis
1. endometrial tissue in locations other than uterus
| 2. bleeds, doesn't shed, resulting in scaring/adhesions, painful, potentially causing infertility
70
endometriosis type 1
deep into muscle; adenomyosis
71
endometriosis type 2
other areas, dysmenorrhea
72
myometrium
bundles of smooth muscle
73
perimetrium
visceral covering
74
cervix
lower 1/3 of uterus; has internal/external os, cervical canal, fornix
75
pap smear
taken from cervical tissue at the squamocolumnar junction
76
metaplasia
changes in epithelial type
77
dysplasia
pre-malignant
78
anaplasia
cancerous
79
vagina
passageway from cervix to outside; receives erect penis, uterine secretions, transport offspring
80
hymen
membrane composed of epithelium and connective tissue, partially closes vaginal orifice
81
labia
major/minor; external organs; enclose and protect underlying organs/tissue
82
vestibule of vulva
spaces enclosed by a labia minora
83
clitoris
external excitatory organ; small projection at the anterior end of the labia; composed of 2 columns of erectile tissue
84
female erection
erectile tissues of clitoris become engorged with blood and swell during stimulation; also retracts
85
female orgasm
rhythmic contraction of muscles of perineum, uterine wall, and Fallopian tubes, which result in a feeling of psychological and physiological release
86
female gonadotropins
1. FSH causes maturation of a follicle; secreted from day 0-14, primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I (proliferative)
2. LH surge on day 14 causes ovulation, follicle becomes corpus luteum (secretory)
87
female sex hormones
estrogen
| progesterone
88
estrogen
produced by maturing follicle (days 1-14)
| responsible for female secondary sex characteristics
89
female secondary sex characteristics
1. axillary/inguinal hair follicles
2. breasts/mammary glands
3. adipose tissue on hips, buttocks, thighs
4. endometrium of uterus
90
progesterone
produces by corpus luteum (days 14-24)
| targets endometrium, thickening lining and formation of glands/vessels
91
mittelschmerz
pain at ovulation
92
morula
solid ball of 32 cells 96h after fertilization
93
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells surrounding central cavity; implants around day 5
94
pregnancy hormones
estrogen/progesterone: maintained by corpus luteum until placenta takes over around month 3
HCG: from placenta, detected day 8 in urine, within 24h in blood
95
relaxin
from placenta and ovaries; relaxes pubic symphysis and ligaments; dilates cervix
96
inhibin
inhibits secretion of FSH
