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Pre-DC - A&P II > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

Study of Tissues

1
Q

tissue

A

similar cells that are specialized to perform a common function

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2
Q

adult tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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3
Q

embryonic germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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4
Q

ectoderm

A

ET

NT

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5
Q

mesoderm

A

ET
CT
MT

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6
Q

endoderm

A

ET

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7
Q

extracellular fluid

A

surrounds all body cells

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8
Q

ECF functions

A

medium to dissolve solutes
transport
chemical reactions

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9
Q

ECF types

A

interstitial fluid

plasma

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10
Q

membrane (cell) junctions

A

hold layers of cells together
prevent intercellular leakage
allow for transport between cells

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11
Q

types of cell junctions

A

zonula occludens
macula adherens
gap junctions
hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

zonula occludens

A

tight, zipper like; prevent intercellular passage of materials; interlocking junction proteins; skin

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13
Q

macula adherens

A

desmosomes; anchoring junctions that hold adjacent cells together; linking proteins (cadherens); allow for movement between cells

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14
Q

gap junctions

A

transport (communicating) channels between adjacent cells; allow direct passage from to another via connexons

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15
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

anchor base of an epithelial cell to basement membrane

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16
Q

ET cellularity

A

tightly packed sheet of cells with little intercellular material between them

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17
Q

ET polarity

A

always has free (apical) surface which opens to outside or inside (lumen)

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18
Q

ET surface modifications

A

microvilli

cilia

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19
Q

ET basement membrane

A

anchored to underlying CT

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20
Q

malignant epithelial cells

A

fail to respect boundaries; loss of contact inhibition; invade/infiltrate

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21
Q

ET contacts

A

tight junctions

desmosomes

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22
Q

ET vascularity

A

avascular

nourished by nutrients that diffuse from underlying CT

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23
Q

ET regeneration

A

high regenerative capacity (assuming stem cells and intact BM)

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24
Q

ET nerves

A

innervated

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25
Q

ET location

A

cover all body surfaces inside and out

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26
Q

ET functions

A 
secretion
absorption
filtration
excretion
protection
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27
Q

epithelial classification

A

according to shape and number of layers

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28
Q

simple

A

single layer of cells

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29
Q

stratified

A

many layers of cells

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30
Q

squamous

A

flattened cells

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31
Q

cuboidal

A

square shaped cells

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32
Q

columnar

A

elongated cells

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33
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells

allows for diffusion of substances

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34
Q

simple squamous ET locations

A

linings of air sacs of lungs
lining of capillaries
lining of lymph vessels
lining of body cavities

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35
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of square shaped cells with centrally located nuclei; secretion & absorption

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36
Q

simple cuboidal ET locations

A

lining of kidney tubules
ducts of glands
germinal surface of ovary
thyroid parafollicular cells

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37
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of elongated cells with basally located nuclei; protection, absorption, secretion

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38
Q

simple columnar ET locations

A 
lining of digestive tract
lining of uterus
gallbladder
oviduct
epididymus
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39
Q

simple columnar ET modifications

A 
microvilli (increase surface area)
goblet cells (secrete mucus)
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40
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of elongated cells with scattered nuclei; secretion, protection

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41
Q

pseudostratified columnar ET locations

A

lining of respiratory tract

lining of fallopian tube

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42
Q

pseudostratified columnar ET modifications

A 
cilia (trap debris and beat upward)
goblet cells (mucus)
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43
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

many layers of flattened cells: protection

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44
Q

stratified squamous ET location

A 
Nonkeratinized:
lining of mouth
lining of throat
lining of vagina
lining of anus
Keratinized: epidermis of skin
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45
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

usually 2 layers; rare

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46
Q

stratified cuboidal ET locations

A 
ducts of adult sweat glands
esophageal glands
mammary glands
lining of developing ovarian follicle
seminiferous tubules
47
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

usually 2 layers; transition areas between other epithelia; more rare

48
Q

stratified columnar ET locations

A

pharynx
male urethra
epiglottis

49
Q

transitional epithelium

A

many layers of cells that change shape in response to tension; distensibility

50
Q

transitional ET locations

A

urinary bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

51
Q

glandular epithelium

A

usually simple cuboidal or columnar; secretion

52
Q

types of glandular ET

A

exocrine

endocrine

53
Q

exocrine

A 
secrete products into a duct which opens: 
external surface (sweat gland)
internal surface (gastric gland)
54
Q

endocrine

A

ductless; secrete hormones into blood

55
Q

exocrine secretion classification

A

existence of cellular products or portions of glandular cells

56
Q

eccrine (merocrine)

A

secrete fluid (99% water) through membrane into duct via secretory vesicle with no loss of glandular cells; sympathetic, cholinergic

57
Q

apocrine

A

lose small portion of cells; sweat gland in axillary/anogenital region; mammary glands; ceruminous glands

58
Q

holocrine

A

release entire cells; sebaceous glands

59
Q

carcinoma

A

tumor originating from epithelial tissue

60
Q

CT characteristics

A

common origin from mesenchyme

wide range of vascularity

61
Q

CT structural elements

A

ground substance
fibers
cells

62
Q

ground substance

A

amorphous material that fills space; functions as sieve; composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

63
Q

GAGs

A

glycosaminoglycans; more = stiffer; chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, hyaluronic acid

64
Q

fiber types

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

65
Q

collagen

A

composed of the protein collagen
provide high tensile strength
stain pink

66
Q

elastic fibers

A

composed of the protein elastin
provide rubbery resiliency to matrix (skin, lungs, vessels)
stain purple

67
Q

reticular fibers

A

fine collagenous fibers
form delicate networks (capillaries, immune tissues)
basement membranes
stain purple

68
Q

3 types of CT cells

A

fundamental
blast
migrating white blood cells

69
Q

fundamental cells

A

aka parenchymal
osteocyte in bone
chondrocyte in cartilage

70
Q

blast cells

A 
undifferentiated that secrete matrix; convert to 'cyte' when complete
fibroblast in CT proper
chondroblast in cartilage
osteoblast in bone
hemocytoblast in blood
71
Q

migrating white blood cells

A

respond to tissue damage; mast cells (basophils, monocytes, neutrophils)

72
Q

connective tissue types

A 
mesenchyme
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
73
Q

mesenchyme

A

embryonic, gives rise to all other types of CT

74
Q

loose CT

A

loose fibrous (areolar)
adipose
reticular

75
Q

loose fibrous (areolar) CT

A

gel-like matrix with fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, collagen and elastic fibers

76
Q

loose fibrous CT functions

A

wraps and cushions organs, inflammation, diffuse of nutrients and gases

77
Q

loose fibrous CT locations

A

beneath epithelium, surrounds organs

78
Q

adipose CT

A

closely packed adipocytes with nuclei pushed to one side with areolar matrix

79
Q

adipose CT location

A

under skin, around kidneys, eyeballs, breasts

80
Q

adipose CT functions

A

energy storage, insulation, protection

81
Q

reticular CT

A

network of reticular fibers within loose ground substance and reticulocytes

82
Q

reticular CT locations

A

basement membranes, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

83
Q

reticular CT function

A

support

84
Q

dense connective tissue

A 
dense regular (white fibrous) CT
dense irregular CT
85
Q

dense regular CT

A

primarily collagen fibers with few fibroblasts; poor blood supply, slow to no healing

86
Q

dense regular CT locations

A

tendons

ligaments

87
Q

dense regular CT functions

A

attachement; tensile strength

88
Q

dense irregular CT

A

primarily collagen fibers randomly arranged

89
Q

dense irregular CT location

A

dermis (below stratified squamous ET in skin)
heart valves
capsules around joints

90
Q

dense irregular CT function

A

provides tensile strength

91
Q

elastic CT

A

primarily elastin fibers; durability with stretch

92
Q

elastic CT locations

A

lung tissue, wall of aorta

93
Q

cartilage types

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

94
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

amorphous matrix that surrounds cells; avascular; support

95
Q

hyaline cartilage locations

A

embryonic skeleton, costal cartilages, cartilage of the nose, trachea, larynx, glottis

96
Q

elastic cartilage

A

same as hyaline with elastic fibers; maintenance of shape plus flexibility

97
Q

elastic cartilage locations

A

external ear

epiglottis

98
Q

fibrocartilage

A

less firm; tensile strength plus shock absorber

99
Q

fibrocartilage locations

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, secondary cartilaginous

100
Q

bone

A

hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers and cells; highly vascular

101
Q

bone functions

A

protection, support, movement, calcium storage, hematopoiesis

102
Q

blood

A

RBC, WBC, platelets in plasma; transport of gases, nutrients, wastes

103
Q

epithelial membrane

A

continuous multicellular sheet composed of an epithelium bound to a discrete underlying CT

104
Q

epithelial membrane types

A

cutaneous
mucous
serous

105
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to dense irregular CT; skin

106
Q

mucous membranes

A

line body cavities that open to the outside lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary; consist of epithelium (stratified squamous or simple columnar) firmly attached to a layer of loose areolar CT

107
Q

serous membranes

A

consist of 2 layers with cavity between them; simple squamous ET on areolar CT

108
Q

synovial membranes

A

are NOT epithelial membranes

109
Q

muscle tissue

A

elongated cells; contractile

110
Q

MT types

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

111
Q

skeletal MT

A

long thin cells, multinucleate, striated, attached to bones, voluntary

112
Q

cardiac MT

A

one centrally located nucleus, intercalated discs, striations, involuntary

113
Q

smooth MT

A

spindle shaped, one central nucleus, no striations, involuntary

114
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons, neuroglia cells; no regeneration

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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