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Pre-DC - A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A

blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid called plasma

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2
Q

blood function

A

transporting substances between body cells and the outside and maintaining homeostasis and protection

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3
Q

hematology

A

study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and disorders

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4
Q

average blood volume

A

5 liters

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5
Q

blood components

A

solid cells or formed elements

liquid plasma

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6
Q

solid cells

A

45%, mainly RBCs

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7
Q

HCT/PCV

A

hematocrit or packed cell volume; % total blood cells; male 40-54% (avg 45%); female 38-47% (avg 42%)

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8
Q

blood cell types

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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9
Q

RBCs

A

erythrocytes; tiny biconcave disks; enucleate; 4-6 million/cubic mm; 99% concentration

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in RBCs, loosely bound to oxygen; protein (globin) + heme (iron); 4 chains alpha 1/2, beta 1/2 w/ iron in center of each chain

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11
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygenated, bright red (ABG)

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12
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days due to mechanical workload

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13
Q

Explain the early RBC formation

A
  1. Low oxygen levels stimulate kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin (negative feedback mechanism)
  2. Stimulates red marrow to begin erythropoiesis
  3. RBC start off as hemocytoblast
  4. Once nucleus is ejected, it becomes a reticulocyte.
  5. Once final ribosomes are gone, it becomes a mature erythrocyte
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14
Q

reticulocyte

A

contains reticular ribosomal RNA; released into bloodstream from bone marrow, matures into erythrocyte after 24 hours; limited oxygen carrying capacity

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15
Q

Explain the end of the RBC life cycle

A
  1. Aged, damaged cells are engulfed by macrophages
  2. Hemoglobin in broken down into globin, iron, and bilirubin. Globin and iron are released for storage/usage.
  3. Fat soluble bilirubin (indirect or unconjugated) enters liver and binds to gluceronide to become water soluble (direct or conjugated) and gives feces its color.
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16
Q

fetal erythropoiesis

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen

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17
Q

adult erythropoiesis

A

red bone marrow; B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin), and iron needed

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18
Q

WBCs

A

leukocytes; control disease; most live only a few days

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19
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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20
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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21
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant 54-62%; polymorphonucleocytes; puss cell; multi-lobed nucleus; phagocytosis of foreign particles; increase during bacterial infections; non-specific (stereotypical) immune response

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

bi-lobed nucleus; 1-3% of total WBCs; parasitic infections, allergic reactions; release histamine

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23
Q

basophils

A

release heparin & histamine; <1% of total WBCs; may leave bloodstream and develop into mast cells

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24
Q

monocytes

A

largest 12-20 microns; indented nucleus; 3-9% of total WBCs; phagocytosis; in blood phagocyte, in tissues macrophage; increase during typhoid, malaria; APC (antigen presenting cell) to CD4

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25
lymphocytes
large nucleus; acorn like; 25-33% of total; live for months to years; 6-14 microns; specific immune response; increase during TB, whooping cough, viruses, rejection reactions and tumors
26
CD4
helper T-lymphocyte; triage cell, APC; activates B lymphocyte to create plasma cells which make monoclonal antibodies; count low in AIDS patients
27
CD8
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; elevated in viral infections
28
average WBC count
5-10k / cubic mm of blood
29
leukocytosis
WCC >10k
30
leukopenia
WCC<5k
31
differential
indicates % of blood
32
diapedesis
process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues
33
leukemia
abnormal production of specific types of immature leukocytes
34
platelets
thrombocytes; fragments of megakaryocytic; blood clotting (thromboxane A2); 130-360k/cubic mm of blood
35
blood plasma
clear, amber/yellow liquid; composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, etc.
36
water in plasma
91.5%, functions as solvent, transport, temperature regulation, metabolic reactions
37
plasma proteins
7%; produced in the liver; albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
38
albumin
carrier protein; osmotic (oncotic) pressure of cells (0.9%); transport fatty acids
39
globulins
immunity; antibodies; IgM (1st exposure); IgG (subsequent exposure), IgE, IgA
40
fibrinogen
blood clotting
41
plasma nutrients
amino acids monosaccharides (glucose) lipoproteins
42
plasma wastes
*urea (amino acid metabolism) *bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism) uric acid (nucleotide metabolism) creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP) creatinine (creatine metabolism)
43
plasma gases
oxygen (cellular respiration) CO2 (byproduct of cellular respiration) nitrogen
44
plasma electrolytes
``` maintain osmotic pressure, resting membrane potential, pH *sodium *potassium *chloride *bicarbonate calcium magnesium phosphate sulphate ```
45
plasma regulatory substances
enzymes | hormones
46
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding 1. vasoconstriction 2. platelet plug formation; release serotonin for vasoconstriction 3. blood coagulation; positive feedback mechanism; requires calcium; fibrinogen -> fibrin
47
fibrinolytic system
controlled blood clotting
48
fibrinolytic substances
anticoagulants (prevents clotting) TPA heparin Coumadin (warfarin)
49
TPA
tissue plasminogen activator; naturally produced; 2-3hr window for injection after MI or stroke
50
heparin
naturally produced by basophils, mast cells; pharmacologic age extracted from mammal lung tissue; used during surgery, hemodialysis
51
Coumadin (warfarin)
slower acting than heparin; given to patients at risk for thrombosis
52
agglutinogen
antigens present on cell membrane of RBCs
53
agglutinin
antibodies against non-self agglutinogens on plasma; IgM, doesn't cross placenta
54
agglutination
hemolysis in lab; clumping of red blood cells
55
hemolysis
bursting of RBCs due to mismatched blood
56
blood types
inherited trait; A, B, AB, O
57
type A blood
antigen A on RBCs, plasma anti B; compatible with A, O; genotype IAIA or IAi; phenotype is type A
58
type B blood
antigen B on RBCs, plasma anti A; compatible with B, O; genotype IBIB or IBi; phenotype is type B
59
type AB blood
antigens A & B on RBCs, no agglutinin; compatible with all; genotype IAIB; phenotype is type AB; universal recipient
60
type O blood
no agglutinogens; both agglutinins; compatible with O; genotype ii; phenotype is type O
61
sickle cell disease
low oxygen carrying capacity; atypical hemoglobin causes cell to sickle; often stops at capillaries; 10% carriers in US, 25% in Africa
62
anemia
lack of oxygen due to immature RBCs, loss of blood, etc
63
hemochromatosis
excess iron
64
lymphomas
cancers of lymph nodes
65
leukemias
cancers of WBCs
66
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
excessive clotting and/or bleeding due to numerous factors; 20-50% mortality
67
hemophilia
lack of clotting proteins (factors)
68
Rh factor
inherited; studied in rhesus monkeys; IgG, will cross placenta
69
Rh positive
antigens present on RBCs; genotype DD or Dd
70
Rh negative
lack of antigens on RBCs; genotype dd
71
Rh antibodies
do not form spontaneously; form in Rh- people in response to stimulation (sensitized); subsequent exposure results in hemolysis
72
erythroblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease of newborn; sensitized Rh negative mother pregnant with Rh+ child
73
RhoGAM
destroys mother's anti-Rh antibodies before they cross the placenta

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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