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Pre-DC - A&P II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A

blood is a connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid called plasma

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2
Q

blood function

A

transporting substances between body cells and the outside and maintaining homeostasis and protection

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3
Q

hematology

A

study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and disorders

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4
Q

average blood volume

A

5 liters

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5
Q

blood components

A

solid cells or formed elements

liquid plasma

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6
Q

solid cells

A

45%, mainly RBCs

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7
Q

HCT/PCV

A

hematocrit or packed cell volume; % total blood cells; male 40-54% (avg 45%); female 38-47% (avg 42%)

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8
Q

blood cell types

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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9
Q

RBCs

A

erythrocytes; tiny biconcave disks; enucleate; 4-6 million/cubic mm; 99% concentration

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

found in RBCs, loosely bound to oxygen; protein (globin) + heme (iron); 4 chains alpha 1/2, beta 1/2 w/ iron in center of each chain

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11
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygenated, bright red (ABG)

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12
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days due to mechanical workload

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13
Q

Explain the early RBC formation

A
  1. Low oxygen levels stimulate kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin (negative feedback mechanism)
  2. Stimulates red marrow to begin erythropoiesis
  3. RBC start off as hemocytoblast
  4. Once nucleus is ejected, it becomes a reticulocyte.
  5. Once final ribosomes are gone, it becomes a mature erythrocyte
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14
Q

reticulocyte

A

contains reticular ribosomal RNA; released into bloodstream from bone marrow, matures into erythrocyte after 24 hours; limited oxygen carrying capacity

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15
Q

Explain the end of the RBC life cycle

A
  1. Aged, damaged cells are engulfed by macrophages
  2. Hemoglobin in broken down into globin, iron, and bilirubin. Globin and iron are released for storage/usage.
  3. Fat soluble bilirubin (indirect or unconjugated) enters liver and binds to gluceronide to become water soluble (direct or conjugated) and gives feces its color.
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16
Q

fetal erythropoiesis

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen

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17
Q

adult erythropoiesis

A

red bone marrow; B9 (folic acid), B12 (cyanocobalamin), and iron needed

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18
Q

WBCs

A

leukocytes; control disease; most live only a few days

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19
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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20
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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21
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant 54-62%; polymorphonucleocytes; puss cell; multi-lobed nucleus; phagocytosis of foreign particles; increase during bacterial infections; non-specific (stereotypical) immune response

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

bi-lobed nucleus; 1-3% of total WBCs; parasitic infections, allergic reactions; release histamine

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23
Q

basophils

A

release heparin & histamine; <1% of total WBCs; may leave bloodstream and develop into mast cells

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24
Q

monocytes

A

largest 12-20 microns; indented nucleus; 3-9% of total WBCs; phagocytosis; in blood phagocyte, in tissues macrophage; increase during typhoid, malaria; APC (antigen presenting cell) to CD4

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25
Q

lymphocytes

A

large nucleus; acorn like; 25-33% of total; live for months to years; 6-14 microns; specific immune response; increase during TB, whooping cough, viruses, rejection reactions and tumors

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26
Q

CD4

A

helper T-lymphocyte; triage cell, APC; activates B lymphocyte to create plasma cells which make monoclonal antibodies; count low in AIDS patients

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27
Q

CD8

A

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; elevated in viral infections

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28
Q

average WBC count

A

5-10k / cubic mm of blood

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29
Q

leukocytosis

A

WCC >10k

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30
Q

leukopenia

A

WCC<5k

31
Q

differential

A

indicates % of blood

32
Q

diapedesis

A

process by which leukocytes move through blood vessel walls to enter tissues

33
Q

leukemia

A

abnormal production of specific types of immature leukocytes

34
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes; fragments of megakaryocytic; blood clotting (thromboxane A2); 130-360k/cubic mm of blood

35
Q

blood plasma

A

clear, amber/yellow liquid; composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, etc.

36
Q

water in plasma

A

91.5%, functions as solvent, transport, temperature regulation, metabolic reactions

37
Q

plasma proteins

A

7%; produced in the liver; albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

38
Q

albumin

A

carrier protein; osmotic (oncotic) pressure of cells (0.9%); transport fatty acids

39
Q

globulins

A

immunity; antibodies; IgM (1st exposure); IgG (subsequent exposure), IgE, IgA

40
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood clotting

41
Q

plasma nutrients

A

amino acids
monosaccharides (glucose)
lipoproteins

42
Q

plasma wastes

A

*urea (amino acid metabolism)
*bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism)
uric acid (nucleotide metabolism)
creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP)
creatinine (creatine metabolism)

43
Q

plasma gases

A

oxygen (cellular respiration)
CO2 (byproduct of cellular respiration)
nitrogen

44
Q

plasma electrolytes

A 
maintain osmotic pressure, resting membrane potential, pH
*sodium
*potassium
*chloride
*bicarbonate
calcium
magnesium
phosphate
sulphate
45
Q

plasma regulatory substances

A

enzymes

hormones

46
Q

hemostasis

A

cessation of bleeding

  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet plug formation; release serotonin for vasoconstriction
  3. blood coagulation; positive feedback mechanism; requires calcium; fibrinogen -> fibrin
47
Q

fibrinolytic system

A

controlled blood clotting

48
Q

fibrinolytic substances

A

anticoagulants (prevents clotting)
TPA
heparin
Coumadin (warfarin)

49
Q

TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator; naturally produced; 2-3hr window for injection after MI or stroke

50
Q

heparin

A

naturally produced by basophils, mast cells; pharmacologic age extracted from mammal lung tissue; used during surgery, hemodialysis

51
Q

Coumadin (warfarin)

A

slower acting than heparin; given to patients at risk for thrombosis

52
Q

agglutinogen

A

antigens present on cell membrane of RBCs

53
Q

agglutinin

A

antibodies against non-self agglutinogens on plasma; IgM, doesn’t cross placenta

54
Q

agglutination

A

hemolysis in lab; clumping of red blood cells

55
Q

hemolysis

A

bursting of RBCs due to mismatched blood

56
Q

blood types

A

inherited trait; A, B, AB, O

57
Q

type A blood

A

antigen A on RBCs, plasma anti B; compatible with A, O; genotype IAIA or IAi; phenotype is type A

58
Q

type B blood

A

antigen B on RBCs, plasma anti A; compatible with B, O; genotype IBIB or IBi; phenotype is type B

59
Q

type AB blood

A

antigens A & B on RBCs, no agglutinin; compatible with all; genotype IAIB; phenotype is type AB; universal recipient

60
Q

type O blood

A

no agglutinogens; both agglutinins; compatible with O; genotype ii; phenotype is type O

61
Q

sickle cell disease

A

low oxygen carrying capacity; atypical hemoglobin causes cell to sickle; often stops at capillaries; 10% carriers in US, 25% in Africa

62
Q

anemia

A

lack of oxygen due to immature RBCs, loss of blood, etc

63
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excess iron

64
Q

lymphomas

A

cancers of lymph nodes

65
Q

leukemias

A

cancers of WBCs

66
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

excessive clotting and/or bleeding due to numerous factors; 20-50% mortality

67
Q

hemophilia

A

lack of clotting proteins (factors)

68
Q

Rh factor

A

inherited; studied in rhesus monkeys; IgG, will cross placenta

69
Q

Rh positive

A

antigens present on RBCs; genotype DD or Dd

70
Q

Rh negative

A

lack of antigens on RBCs; genotype dd

71
Q

Rh antibodies

A

do not form spontaneously; form in Rh- people in response to stimulation (sensitized); subsequent exposure results in hemolysis

72
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

hemolytic disease of newborn; sensitized Rh negative mother pregnant with Rh+ child

73
Q

RhoGAM

A

destroys mother’s anti-Rh antibodies before they cross the placenta

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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