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Pre-DC - A&P II > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How is the endocrine system related to the nervous system?

A

glands are effectors that are stimulated by motor impulses from the autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

Distinguish between an endocrine gland vs. an exocrine gland

A

endocrine secretes directly into blood stream; ductless

exocrine secrete into ducts; not part of endocrine system

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

very powerful substance secreted by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream that affects the function of another cell i.e. target cell at a distant site

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4
Q

Which is the “master” endocrine gland?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland secrete hormones, but not produce them?

A

hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of hormones?

A
  1. potent
  2. long-lasting effects on target cells
  3. regulate metabolic processes
  4. regulated by negative and positive feedback
  5. may be steroid or non-steriod
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7
Q

What is a steriod hormone?

A

fat-soluble; passes easily through the target cell membrane

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8
Q

What is a non-steriod hormone?

A

water-soluble; requires receptor on target cell membrane to allow the hormone to enter the cell; activates a second messenger inside cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

integrate body systems, maintain homeostasis, in conjuction with the nervous system

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10
Q

What are the 10 glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary
  3. pineal
  4. thyroid
  5. parathyroid
  6. thymus
  7. adrenal
  8. pancreas
  9. testes
  10. ovaries
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11
Q

Define paracrine.

A

localized hormones that diffuse a short distance to target cells

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12
Q

Define autocrine.

A

hormones that act on the cell that produced them

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13
Q

Define endocrine.

A

hormones secreted directly into blood and acts at long distances

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14
Q

What are the ‘‘releasing and inhibitory” hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that target the pituitary gland?

A

GH-RH&IH
TRH
CRH
PRF&PIH
GnRH
MSH-IH

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15
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone; targets ACTH

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16
Q

GH-IH

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; targets HGH

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17
Q

GH-RH

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone; targets HGH

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18
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone; targets FSH & LH

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19
Q

MSH-IH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone; targets MSH

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20
Q

PIH

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone; targets PRL

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21
Q

PRF

A

prolactin-releasing factor; targets PRL

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22
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone; targets TSH

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23
Q

HGH

A

human growth hormone

controls growth of the body; targest bone, muscle and adipose tissue

from pituitary, called
somatotropin –> liver –>somatomedin
which is directly responsible for muscle and bone

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24
Q

What are the other terms for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis

pars distalis (embryonic)

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25
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

controls secretion of hormones by thyroid

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26
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

controls the secretion of hormones (cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

targets outer portion of the adrenal cortex

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27
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

stimulates production of milk by mammary glands

inhibitory effect on FSH

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28
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

in females, stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum; formation of endometrium in uterus

in males, stimulates maturation of sperm in testes

gonadotropin, targets primary sex organs

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29
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

in females, causes ovulation

in males, causes secretion of testosterone; aka ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone / Leydig)

gonadotropin

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30
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

unknown significance

melanin production

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31
Q

What are the other terms for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

neurohypophysis

pars nervosa (embryonic)

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32
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

base of the brain, sits in sella turcica, secretes 7 different hormones

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33
Q

What are the 7 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

HGH
TSH
ACTH
PRL
FSH
LH
MSH

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34
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

located behind anterior pituitary gland

continuous with nerve fibers of the supraopticohypophyseal tract of the hypothalamus

does not produce hormones; only stores them

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35
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH
OT

36
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone

targets collecting ducts of kidneys

made in supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

causes reabsorption of water back into bloodstream (increases blood pressure)

37
Q

OT

A

oxytocin

targets uterine smooth msucle and breasts

produced in paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

causes labor contractions and milk secretion

38
Q

Label the diagram

A
  1. pineal
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary
  4. thyroid
  5. parathyroid
  6. thymus
  7. adrenals
  8. pancreas
  9. ovaries
  10. testes
39
Q

thyroid gland

A

Location: below larynx around trachea

Function: regulates basal metabolic rate, lower blood calcium levels

Produces: triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine

Requires: iodine, tyrosine

40
Q

T4 & T3

A

T4-T3 ratio of 9:1

T4 is the storage form

T3 is the biologically active form

deiodinase (enzyme) converts T4–>T3

Functions: increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating cellular oxygen use to produce ATP; regulate metabolism

41
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by C cells (parafollicular)

decreases blood calcium to normal range (8.5-11 mg/dl)

42
Q

parathyroid

A

4 small glands located within thyroid

chief cell is the parenchymal cell; produces PTH; increases blood calcium levels

increase absorption in small intestine, reabsorption in kidney w/vitamin D; resorption from bone

43
Q

adrenal glands

A

aka suprarenals

located on top of kidneys; divided into inner renal medulla and outer adrenal cortex

44
Q

adrenal medulla

A

central portion

produces catacholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine) which function in the sympathetic nervous system

targets:
heart (SA node to increase HR)
smooth muscle

  • peripheral arterioles (vasoconstriction, increase BP)
  • terminal bronchioles (bronchodilation, increase depth of breathing

diaphram (increase breathing rate)

45
Q

epinephrine

A

tyrosine –> L-DOPA –> dopamine –> norepinephrine

–>add methyl group (CH3) –> epinephrine

46
Q

seratonin

A

tryptophan –> 5-hydroxytryptophan –> 5H tryptamine

aka seratonin

47
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of adrenals

stimulated by ACTH

mineralcorticoid

glucocorticoid

supplemental sex hormones (estrogens, adrogens)

48
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outer most area of adrenal cortex

produces mineralcorticoid: aldosterone targets distal convoluted tubules, reabsorption of water/electrolytes

49
Q

zona fasciculata

A

middle layer of adrenal cortex

glucocorticoid: cortisol targets all cells, regulates glucose metabolism (along with T3and T4)

50
Q

zona reticularis

A

inner layer of adrenal cortex

supplemental sex hormones (estrogens, adrogens)

51
Q

pancreas

A

behind stomach, left side

functions as mixed gland

52
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

endocrine organs within pancrease

produce insulin & glucagon

53
Q

insulin

A

produced by beta cells

secretion stimulaed by increase BS levels

decreases BS levels (moves glucose from blood into cells and promotes gycogen formation in liver and skeletal muscle)

54
Q

glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells

secretion stimulated by decreased BS levels

increases BS levels (breakdown of glycogen and release into blood)

55
Q

thymus gland

A

located in mediastinum region behind sternum

produces thymosin that affects the maturation of lymphocytes (T-cells)

plays an important role in lymphatic system and immunity

decreases in size with age

56
Q

pineal gland

A

attached to the thalamus of the brainstem

secreates melatonin; stimulated by light, affects moods, emotions, etc.

57
Q

ovaries

A

FSH: maturation of ovarian follicle and ovum

estrogen: from follicle; female secondary sex characteristics; targets hair follicles in axillary/inguinal regions, mammary glands/breasts, adipose tissue in hips, thights, buttocks

LH: ovulation

progesterone: from corpus luteum (post ovulation); prepares uterine lining fro implantation of zygote

58
Q

testes

A

FSH: production of sperm

LH: production of testosterone

testosterone: male secondary sex characteristics; targets hair follicles in axillary/inguinal regions, muscle/bone, vocal cords in larynx

59
Q

GH imbalances

A

pituitary dwarfism

pituitary giantism

acromegaly

60
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of GH during childhood

slow bone growth and early closure of epiphyseal plates (usually reach 42-48”)

treatment: oral GH therapy

61
Q

pituitary giantism

A

hypersecreation of GH during childhood

abnormal increas in length of long bones; usually causes cardiomegaly

62
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

bones of hands, feet, cheeks and jaw thicken (long bones get wider, flat bones get thicker)

soft tissues also grow

63
Q

ADH imbalances

A

diabetes insipidus

SIADH

64
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

hyposecretion of ADH

diuresis (polyurea), dehydration, thirst (polydipsia)

65
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

usually caused by certain cancers

66
Q

thyroid imbalances

A

cretinism

myxedema

hashimotos

graves

goiter

67
Q

cretinism

A

hyposecretion of T3/T4 during infancy

lack of iodine

dwarfism, mental retardation

treatment: oral thyroid therapy

68
Q

myxedema

A

hyposecretion in adulthood; water retention in legs

swollen face, decreased metabolic rate, psychomotor sluggishness, somnolence, bradycardia, reduced catecholamine sensitivity, decreased appetite, constipation, decreased perspiration, dry skin/hair, decreased muscle tone, reflexes, hypoventilation, increased serum cholesterol, cold intolerance, weight gain

TRH/TSH elevated, T3/T3 low

69
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

autoimmune hypothyroid

70
Q

Grave’s

A

autoimmune, growth of thyroid, hypersecretion, no negative feedback; T3/T4 elevated, TSH/TRH low

exophthalmos, lid lag, impaired blinking, increased metabolic rate, restlessness, irritibility, anxiety, hyperactivity, sleeplessness, tachycardia, heightened catecholamine sensitivity, increased appetite, diarrhea, increased perspiration, silky hair, increased muscle tone, reflexes, tremors, dyspnea, decreased serum cholesterol, heat intolerance, weight loss

surgical removal and/or radioisotopes

71
Q

goiter

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

toxic - Grave’s

nontoxic - Hashimoto’s

72
Q

parathyroid hormone imbalances

A

primary (osteitis fibrosa cystica)

secondary (osteodystrophy)

73
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

functional tumor with excess PTH

blood calcium elevated

remove tumor

74
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic renal failure

decreased vitamin D, blood calcium, elevated PTH

75
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

hyperglycemia

complications: CV disease, gangrene, blindness, renal failure
types: type I, type II, gestational

76
Q

type I diabetes

A

autoimmune, destroys beta cells, insulin dependent

generally presents younger than age 20

fat broken down, releasing ketone bodies resulting in ketoacidocis (pH less than 7.35)

treatment: artificial pancreas, transplant (pancreas, beta cells)

77
Q

ketone bodies

A

ß-hydroxy-butyric acid

acetoacetic acid

acetone

78
Q

type II diabetes (90%)

A

insulin independent; insulin receptors down-regulate

patients >40y; obesity, hypertension, controlled by diet, physical activity, weight loss, sleep

treatment: medications

79
Q

gestational diabetes

A

prediabetic adult

testing at 18wks

80
Q

adrenal corticol hormone imbalances

A

Addison’s

Cushing’s

81
Q

Addison’s

A

hyposecretion of hormones due to autoimmunity or disease (TB); CRH & ACTH increased, cortisol decreased

mental lethargy, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, increased potassium, decreased sodium, low BP, dehydration, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, increased skin pigmentation

82
Q

The two hormones that work together to regulate water, electrolyte levels, and blood pressure are

A

ADH
aldosterone

83
Q

Why does the thymus gland decrease in size as we age?

A

immune system produces most of its T cells during childhood

84
Q

Which gland (and its hormone) is stimulated by sunlight?

A

pineal (melatonin)

85
Q
A

Pre-DC - A&P II (8 decks)

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