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Anatomy and Physiology 2B > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the urinary bladder?

A 
– Covered by parietal peritoneum,
superiorly, and by fibrous adventitia
elsewhere
– Muscularis: detrusor: three layers of
smooth muscle
– Mucosa: transitional epithelium
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2
Q

What are some causes of kidney stones?

A

hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalances,
frequent urinary tract infections, or enlarged prostate causing urine
retention

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3
Q

When is filtrate considered urine?

A

once it enters the collecting duct

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4
Q

what are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  • Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  • Basement membrane
  • Filtration sits
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5
Q

What three factors promote osmosis into the peritubular capillaries

A

– High interstitial fluid pressure due to accumulation of
reabsorbed fluid in extracellular space
– Low blood hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries
due to narrowness of efferent arterioles
– High colloid osmotic pressure in blood due to presence of
proteins that were not filtered

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6
Q

Trace renal blood flow from the renal artery to glomerulus

A
  • Renal artery
  • interlobar arteries(up renal columns)
  • Arcuate arteries(over pyramids)
  • Cortical radiate arteries(up into cortex)
  • Afferent arterioles
  • Glomerulus
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7
Q

How do the kidneys respond to falling blood pressure?

A

they produce renin

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8
Q

Blood flows out of the glomerulus via?

A

efferent arterial’s

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9
Q

What are rugae?

A

conspicuous wrinkles in empty

bladder

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10
Q

what occurs with sympathetic stimulation of the renal plexus

A

-Reduction in glomerular blood flow and rate of urine production

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11
Q

A flap of ___ acts as a valve at the enterance of the uerter to the bladder. What does this valve prevent?

A

Mucosa

Re-flux of urine into the ureter

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12
Q

After the proximal convoluted tube comes the ___

A

nephron loop

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13
Q

What is the function of the principal cells in the DCT?

A
  • Receptor sites for hormones

- Salt/water balance

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14
Q

The function of the collecting ducts is to _____ Water

A

Conserve

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15
Q

What is nitrogenous waste?

A

Metabolic waste products that contain high amounts of nitrogen

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16
Q

What is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle?

A

The side where the renal tubule begins

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17
Q

What is renal auto-regulation?

A

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR

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18
Q

How does angiotensin II induce sodium retention?

3 ways

A
  • Lowers BP in peritubular Capillaries increasing reabsorption of sodium
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone promoting Na+ reabsorption in the DCT
  • Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the PCT
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19
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

18cm long

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20
Q

Does the counter current exchange of salt and water in the vasa recta effect the osmolarity of the medulla?

A

No, because the exchange is equal

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21
Q

If mean arterial pressure drops below ___mm Hg then filtration and urine output cease

A

70 mm Hg

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22
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Makes the collecting ducts of the kidneys more permeable to water allowing water to be reabsorbed into the blood

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23
Q

What is a BUN level and what does BUN stand for?

A

BUN stands for Blood Urea Nitrogen

its value signifies the level of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

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24
Q

How does the Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism carry out its function?

A

Via the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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25
Q

The thin segment of the nephron loop ___ water the ____ the urine

A
  • Secretes water

- Concentrates

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26
Q

efferent vessels from the glomerulus lead to one of which two vessels?

A 
Peritubular capillaries(cortex)
Vasa recta(Medulla)
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27
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The functional filtration unit of the kidney

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28
Q

What are the two regions of the renal parenchyma?

A
  • the outer renal cortex

- inner renal medulla

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29
Q

What is the vasa recta? where does it supply blood to?

A

—capillary branching off efferent arteriole in medulla

– Provides blood supply to medulla and does not remove NaCl and urea from medullary ECF

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30
Q

What is the average capacity of the urinary bladder?

A

moderate fullness-500mL

Max 700-800 mL

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31
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

the convergence of the major calyces of the kidney into one main urine collecting body

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32
Q

What is the myogenic mechanism based on?

A

the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched

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33
Q

What are some functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Filtration
  • Regulation of: Blood volume, pressure,and osmolarity. Electrolytes, acid-base balance, Calcium
  • Hormone clearance
  • Glucose synthesis during starvation
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34
Q

What are the two routes of tubular reabsorption?

A
  • Transcellular-through cytoplasm

- Paracellular-through tight junctions

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35
Q

a minor calyx of the kidney is?

A

A cup that nestles the papilla of a renal pyramid and collects its urine

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36
Q

Why does dehydration cause hypertonic urine?

A
  • Dehydration causes high blood osmolarity
  • High blood osmolarity causes the release of ADH
  • ADH creates more aquaporin channels in renal tubules
  • more water is reabsorbed by collecting duct
  • urine is concentrated
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37
Q

What is the function of filtration slits in the filtration membrane?

A
  • They are extensions of podocyte cells visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
  • Leave a gap after the basement membrane
  • Negatively charged
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38
Q

Transport maximum is reached when___

A

transporters are saturated

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39
Q

The thick segment of the nephron loop is composed of ___ ET which is heavily engaged in___

A

Simple cuboital

Active transport of salts

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40
Q

what is obligatory water reabsorption?

A

PCT, water is reabsorbed at constant rate

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41
Q

What molecules can pass through the filtration membrane?

A

almost any unbound molecules smaller than 3nm

Water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, vitamins

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42
Q

The Nephron loop has two segments the ___ and the ___

A

Thick and thin segments

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43
Q

How is GFR controlled?

A

By adjusting glomerular blood pressure moment to moment

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44
Q

What are the portions of the glomerular capsule? what are the composed of?

A
  • Outer parietal layer(simple squam)
  • Inner visceral layer(podocytes that wrap around glomerulus)
  • capsular space
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45
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

—muscular sac

located on floor of the pelvic cavity

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46
Q

What is the urethra?

A

tube that conveys urine out of body

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47
Q

The renal plexus carries _____ innervation from the _____ plexus

A

Sympathetic

abdominal aortic

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48
Q

The thick segment of the nephron loop___ solutes but not ____ thus it ____the urine

A
  • Reabsorbs Solutes
  • Water
  • dilutes urine
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49
Q

What is the spongy urethra?

A

The portion of the male urethra that passes through the penis

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50
Q

How do granular cells respond to low blood pressure?

A

by secreting renin

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51
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

the thickening of the detrusor muscles. found only in males

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52
Q

What is Excretion?

A

Separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

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53
Q

The proximal convoluted tube is composed of ____ epithelium with prominent____which allow for maximum surface area for absorption

A
  • Simple cuboidal

- Microvilli

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54
Q

what alterations does urine undergo?

A

only changes to water content

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55
Q

What is the function of the PCT?

A
  • Reabsorbs 65% of glomerular filtrate
  • removes substances from the blood and secretes them into filtrate
  • Has microvilli
  • abundant mitochondria for active transport
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56
Q

What are the three steps involved in converting filtrate into urine?

A
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
  • Water conservation
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57
Q

What are the cell times within the DCT?

A
  • Principal cells

- intercalated cells

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58
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy
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59
Q

What four body systems carry out excretion?

A
  • Respiratory system
  • Integumentary system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary System
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60
Q

Collecting duct (CD) begins in the
_____ where it receives tubular fluid
from several _____

A

Cortex

Nephrons

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61
Q

What is the function of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries?

A
  • It is the initial filtration

- a series of small filtration pores

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62
Q

The thin segment of the nephron loop is composed of ___ which is very permeable to ___

A

Simple Squamish

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63
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

renal tubule extracts chemicals from

capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

64
Q

What are Natriutetic peptides released?

A

in response to high BP

65
Q

What are the four actions of ANP that resalt in the excretion of salt and water?

A

– Dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole:
raising GFR
– Inhibits renin and aldosterone secretion
– Inhibits secretion of ADH
– Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct

66
Q

What is the prostatic urethra?

A

The portion of the male urethra that passes through the prostate

67
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons maintain ____gradients and have efferent arterioles that branch into ____ around their nephron loops

A

salinity gradients

Vasa Recta

68
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3-4 cm long

69
Q

What is azotemia and what does it indicate?

A

Elevated BUN levels

indicates renal insufficency

70
Q

What is the function of the Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of renal auto-regulation?

A

It receives feedback on the status downstream tubular fluid and adjusts filtration rate in the glomerulus accordingly

71
Q

What are the triggers of aldosterone?

A
  • It is a steroid released by the adrenal cortex

- triggered by: Low blood Na+, High K+, low blood pressure via the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone

72
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

The fluid in the capsular space

73
Q

Once the mesangial cells produce adenosine, where does it go next?

A

to the granular cells

74
Q

How concentrated the urine becomes depends on

body’s state of_____

A

Hydration

75
Q

What are ureters?

A

retroperitoneal, muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder

76
Q

What are the two mechanisms of renal auto-regulation?

A
  • Myogenic mechanism

- Tubuloglomerular feedback

77
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

-Renal calculus, hard granule of calcium phosphate,

calcium oxalate, uric acid, or a magnesium salt called struvite

78
Q

What occurs in the ascending capillaries of the vasa recta?

A

The exchange salt for water

79
Q

How is Creatinine produced?

A

As a product of Creatine phosphate catabolism

80
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A

– Where urethra passes through the pelvic floor

– Skeletal muscle - voluntary control

81
Q

Aldosterone is the ____ hormone

A

Salt retaining

82
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous wastes found in the body?

A
  • Ammonia
  • Urea
  • Uric Acid
  • Creatinine
83
Q

fluid entering the DCT contains ___% of the water and ___% of the salts from the glomerular filtrate

A
  • 20%

- 7%

84
Q

What is Proteinuria and what can cause it?

A
  • Presence of protein in the urine
  • Damage or infection to the kidneys
  • Prolonged strenuous physical activity
85
Q

What are the four principle organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
urethra

86
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Responds to low calcium
  • Causes increased calcium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the nephron loop and the DCT
  • Increases phosphate excretion
  • this reduces calcium precipitation into bone and allows the levels in the blood to rise
87
Q

The two types of nephrons are the ____ and the ____

A
  • Juxtamedullary Nephrons

- Cortical Nephrons

88
Q

What are normal BUN levels?

A

10 to 20 mg/dL

89
Q

explain the process of Rennin to angiotensin II

A
  • Baroreceptors detect ow BP and stimulate the sympathetic NS
  • Sympathetic fibers cause the release of renin
  • renin convets angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin I is converted to angeotensin II in the lunce by the ACE in the lungs and kidneys
90
Q

What are the three purposes of tubular secretion?

A
  • Acid-base balance-H+ and HCO3 ions
  • Waste removal-nitrogenous
  • Clearance of drugs and contaminants-Morphine, penicillin, asprin
91
Q

What is micturition?

A

the act of urinating

92
Q

What is the renal parenchyma?

A

The function tissue of the kidney-produces urine

93
Q

How is uric acid produced?

A

As a product of nucleic acid catabolism

94
Q

What is the counter current exchange system?

A

a system formed by blood flowing in opposite directions in adjacent
parallel capillaries

95
Q

The ____ kidney is slightly lower due to ____

A

Right

Large right lobe of the liver

96
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter?

A
  • outer layer-Adventitia
  • –Connective tissue
  • middle layer-Muscularis
  • —Layers of smooth muscle
  • Deep layer-Mucosa
  • –Transitional epithelium
97
Q

The PTC reabsorbs ___ of the water in filtrate?

A

2/3

98
Q

What is the Macula densa and what is its function?

A
  • A patch of slender, closely spaced sensory cells in the nephron loop
  • When NaCl levels are high it communicates with the mesangial cells which intern communicate with the Granular cells to carry out their function
99
Q

What are the functions of Angiotensin II?

A
  • Vasoconstrictor
  • Salt retention
  • Stimulates aldosterone
  • water retention
  • thirst stimulation
100
Q

What is the transport maximum?

A

the maximum amount of a solute that can be reabsorbed by the transport proteins in the tubule cells

101
Q

Cortical nephrons have efferent arterioles that branch into _____ around the ___ and ___

A

peritubuar capillaries

PCT and DCT

102
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels,nerves, and urine collecting structures

103
Q

Filtrate is similar to blood plasma except

A

It has almost no protein

104
Q

What is the filtration membrane?

A

A series of three barriers that fluid must pass through during glomerular filtration

105
Q

Explain the Countercurrent multiplyer

A
  • Depended on the salinity gradient in the renal medulla
  • Decending limb is permeable to water, water is drawn out by high salt of the ECF in the medulla
  • Ascending limb is permeable to solutes but not water, salt and others are reabsorbed
  • salt absorbed in the ascending limb maintains the salinity gradient
106
Q

What two components make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  • The glomerulus

- glomerular capsule(2 layers) enclosing the glomerulus

107
Q

What is the Rennin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?

A

A system of hormones that helps control BP and GFR

108
Q

follow the Flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body

A

-glomerular capsule
-proximal convoluted
tubule
-nephron loop
-distal convoluted
tubule
-collecting duct
-papillary duct
-minor calyx
-major calyx
-renal pelvis
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-urethra

109
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

An instance of capillary fluid exchange where water and solutes pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus to the capsular space in the nephron

110
Q

What occurs in the decending capillaries of the vasa recta?

A

They exchange water for salt

111
Q

What are the three protective connective tissue layers of the kidneys? from superficial to deep

A
  • Renal fascia
  • Perirenal Fat Capsule
  • Fibrous Capsule
112
Q

What is Hematura and what causes it?

A
  • Blood in the urine
  • Damage or infection to the kidneys
  • Prolonged strenuous physical activity
113
Q

What three homeostatic mechanisms control GFR?

A
  • Renal auto regulation
  • Sympathetic control
  • Hormonal Control
114
Q

What are general GFR’s for men and women?

A

180L/day for men

150L/day for women

115
Q

What occurs if GFR is too low?

A
  • Waste products are reabsorbed

- Azotemia may occur

116
Q

What are the four stages in urine formation?

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
  • Water Conservation
117
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • The macula densa
  • Granular(juxtaglomerular) cells
  • Mesangial cells
118
Q

The functions of the DCT are regullated by___

A

Various hormones

  • Aldosterone
  • ANP
  • ADH
  • Parathyroid hormone
119
Q

What are the functions of Adosterone?

A
  • Acts on the thick seg of the Neph. loop
  • Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
  • Water and Cl- follow Na+
  • urine volume is reduced
  • body retains NaCl and water
120
Q

The Juxtamedullary nephrons make up ___ of all nephrons

A

15%

121
Q

How does the myogenic mechanism work with rise and falls of arterial blood pressure?

A
  • BP go up, aff. arteriole is stretched, aff. arteriole constricts
  • -BP go down, aff. arteriole is relaxed, aff. arteriole dilates
122
Q

What is a major calyces of the kidney?

A

a convergence of 2 or 3 major calyxs

123
Q

One lobe of the kidney consists of?

A

one pyramid and its cortex

124
Q

What is the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle?

A

The side where afferent arterioles enter and efferent arterioles leave

125
Q

What is the primary function of the nephron loop?

A

To generate a salinity grasient that enables collecting duct to concentrate urine and conserve water

126
Q

When does the Distal convoluted tubule begin?

A

After the ascending limb of the nephron loop reenters the cortex

127
Q

Renal innervation comes from the?

A

Renal Plexus

128
Q

What are the two principal parts of a nephron?

A
  • The renal corpuscle

- Renal Tubule

129
Q

How does the Macula densa communicate with nearby mesangial cells?

A
  • The macula densa produces ATP when it absorbs excess NaCl

- The ATP is metabolized by the nearby mesangial cells which produce Adenosine

130
Q

What triggers the release of ADH?

A

– Dehydration, loss of blood volume, and rising blood
osmolarity stimulate arterial baroreceptors and
hypothalamic osmoreceptors

131
Q

Kidneys receive ____ of cardiac output. This is called the renal ___

A

21%

Fraction

132
Q

The key electrolyte to be reabsorbed is___

Why?

A
  • sodium

- Creates electrical and osmotic gradients that drive the reabsorption of other solutes

133
Q

How do sympathetic nerves effect GFR

A

when they are stimulated they constrict afferent arterioles

134
Q

What is tubular fluid?

A

fluid present within the PCT, Nephron loop, and DCT

135
Q

What is Water diuresis

A

drinking large volumes of water will

produce a large volume of hypotonic urine

136
Q

How do the kidneys regulate calcium levels?

A

Via calcitriol synthesis

137
Q

What are granular (juxtaglomerular) cells and what are their functions?

A
  • Modified smooth muscle cells that wrap around the arterioles
  • The respond to adenosine by constricting afferent arterioles thus reducing blood flow, correcting GFR
138
Q

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder?

A

smooth-surfaced triangular area on bladder
floor that is marked with openings of ureters and
urethra

139
Q

Why does water diuresis creat hypotonic urine?

A

Because When the urine passes through the cortical portion of the CD it only absorbs NaCl and not water so salt is taken out but not water leading to urine with very low concentration

140
Q

Trace the flow of blood in the kidneys after the Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta to the renal vein

A
  • Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta
  • Cortical radiate veins
  • or/then into Arcuate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • renal vein
141
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?GFR

A

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

142
Q

How is urea formed?

A
  • Proteins break down into amino acids
  • amino acids into ammonia once NH2 is removed\
  • ammonia is converted into urea in the liver
143
Q

What occurs if GFR is too high?

A
  • Flow is to rapid for proper reabsorbtion
  • increased urine output
  • dehydration and electrolyte depletion
144
Q

How much of the nitrogenous waste is reabsorbed in the nephrons?

A

1/2

145
Q

Where do kidney stones form?

A

in the renal pelvis

146
Q

How does the vaso constriction action of angiotensin II effect GFR?

A

-Restriction of the efferent arterioles raises GFR by increasing pressure

147
Q

What are the four parts of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tube
  • Nephron Loop
  • Distal Convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
148
Q

What is the membranous urethra?

A

the portion of the male urethra that passes through the muscular floor of the pelvic cavity

149
Q

Explain the involuntary micturition reflex

A
  • Stretch receptors detect fullness and signal to spinal cord
  • parasympathetic nerves respond and excite detrusor muscles
  • signals relax internal sphincter in males
  • urine is voided
150
Q

What occurs to the filtrate as it passes through the tubules?

A

it gets modified as needed by the body

151
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane in the filtration membrane?

A
  • A negatively charged proteoglycan gel that repels proteins

* only .03% of filtrate is protein compared to 7% in blood plasma*

152
Q

Why is blood hydrostatic pressure high inside the glomerular capillaries?

A

Due to the afferent arteriole being larger than the efferent arteriole

153
Q

What is the function of the interculated cells within the DCT?

A

Involved in acid base balance

154
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood levels?

A

by producing erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

155
Q

The function of the DCT is to_____

A

Reabsorb varying amounts of water and salts

156
Q

What is Uremia and how is it treated?

A
  • A syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia stemming from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste
  • Treated using dialysis or organ transplant

Anatomy and Physiology 2B (7 decks)

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