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Anatomy and Physiology 2B > Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

Ventilation fails to keep up with CO2 production

-results in lowered pH

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2
Q

What is renal compensation?

A

—adjustment of pH by changingrate of H+ secretion by renal tubules

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3
Q

What is a physiological buffer?

A

a system that controls output of acids, bases, or CO2

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4
Q

What are the two protein side groups involved in protein buffering? what of the functions of each group?

A
  • Carboxyl (-COOH) releases H+

- (-NH2) side groups bind to H+

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5
Q

The pH of a solution is determined solely by___

A

the amount of hydrogen ions

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6
Q

How is Calcium homeostasis regulated?

A

By PTH, Calcitriol, and calcitonin(in children)

-cause bone deposition and resorption also intestinal absorption and excretion

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7
Q

What are the stimuli for aldosterone secretion?

A
  • Hyponatremia
  • Hyperkalemia
  • hypotension
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8
Q

What is dehydration? What can cause it?

A
  • More water than sodium is lost
  • ECF osmolarity rises
  • caused by lack of drinking water, diabetes, ADH hyposecretion, sweating, diuretics
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9
Q

why do cells maintain very low intracellular Ca2+ levels

A

-to prevent Calcium phosphate precipitation

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10
Q

What are the two main physiological buffers in the body?

A

The urinary system

the Respiratory system

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11
Q

What is the Bicarbonate buffer formula?

A

CO2 + H2OH2CO3 HCO3− + H+

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12
Q

What gives proteins the ability to buffer?

A

the side groups of their amino acid residues

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13
Q

Homeostatic balances are maintained by the collective action of what 8 body systems?

A
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Integumentary
  • Endocrine
  • nervous
  • cardiovascular
  • lymphatic
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14
Q

What is a buffer?

A

any mechanism that resists changes to pH

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15
Q

The most abundant solute particles in the body are?

A

Electrolytes

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16
Q

What are the side effects of fluid excess?

A

Pulmonary and cerebral edema and death

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17
Q

What are the two major fluid compartments in the body? what % of fluid is within them?

A
  • Intracellular Fluid 65%

- Extracellular fluid 35%

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18
Q

How does ADH decrease blood osmolarity?

A

By stimulating the renal collecting duct to reabsorb more water this causes a drop in blood osmolarity as H2O is increased

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19
Q

How does the phosphate system neutralize acid in the urinary system

A

H+ ions from the blood are sent into the tubular fluid and phosphates react with H+ and switch it with Na2

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20
Q

____ governs fluid intake

A

Thirst

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21
Q

Which system neutralizes the most acid or base? why?

A

the urinary system because it actually expels the H+ other systems only reduce concentration

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22
Q

What role do the kidneys play in the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

They excrete Bicarb to lower ph and excrete H+ to raise pH

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23
Q

What is short term thirst inhibition?

A

Inhibition caused by:

  • cooling of the mouth
  • Distension of stomach and small intestines
  • only lasts 30-45 minutes
  • prevents over drinking
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24
Q

What are the three homeostatic balance systems in the body?

A
  • Fluid balance
  • Electrolyte Balance
  • Acid-Base Balance
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25
Q

how does progesteroneeffect sodium levels?

A

Reduces Na+ reabsorption

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26
Q

What is sensible water loss?

A

Observable loss such as urine, feces, and sweat

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27
Q

What is the most significant solute in determining total body water and distribution of water amoung fluid compartments?

A

Sodium

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28
Q

Bases are defined as

A

Any chemical that accepts H+

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29
Q

What are the three types of water loss?

A
  • Sensible
  • Insensible
  • Obligatory
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30
Q

Water moves by ___

A

osmosis

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31
Q

What are the major cations of ECF?

A
  • Na+, Ca2+
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32
Q

What are the two types of Hyperkalemia and what are their effects?

A
  • Quick onset from crush injury: makes nerves and muscles abnormally excitable
  • Slow onset: inactivates voltage-regulated Na+ channels, nerves and muscles become less excitable
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33
Q

What are some functions of Phosphates?

A
  • Components of Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, GTP, cAMP, and creatine phosphate
  • Act as buffers
  • activates metabolic pathways by phosphorylating enzymes and substrates
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34
Q

What is the main function of Mg2+?

A

Serves as a cofactor for enzymes, transporters, and nucleic acids

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35
Q

What is preformed water?

A

Water that is eater or drunk

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36
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis?

A

High pH from overuse of bicarb. or loss of stomach acid

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37
Q

The most dangerous types of electrolyte imbalances are___

A

Potassium imbalances

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38
Q

What is fluid deficiency?

A

When fluid output exceeds intake

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39
Q

What is Volume depletion? what can cause it?

A
  • Proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost
  • Total body water decline
  • Caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, burns, Addison disease
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40
Q

What are the two main side effects of dehydration and what do they trigger next?

A
  • Reduced blood volume and pressue
  • increased blood osmolarity
  • Both work to trigger the hypothalamus
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41
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Causes: alkalosis, hyperparathyroisium, hypothyroidism
  • reduces membrane Na+ permeability, inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle cells
  • muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, cardiac arrhythmias
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42
Q

What is a chemical buffer system?

A

Mixtures composed of weak acids and weak bases that are able to restore pH in fractions of seonds

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43
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of Hyponatremia?

A
  • large volumes of sweat and urine are lost
  • sodium not replaced
  • reduced urine volume as a result
44
Q

How does dehydration effect water output?

A

It causes output to slow due to the action of ADH

45
Q

What are the forms of phosphates found in the body

A

Labled as Pi collectivley

  • Phosphate(PO4-3)
  • Monohydrogen Phosphate (HPO4-2)
  • Dihydrogen Phosphate(H2PO4-)
46
Q

What is the difference between a strong aid and a weak acid?

A

Stong acid ionize freely weak acids only sightly ionize

47
Q

Water output is controlled by ____

A

Variation in urine volume

48
Q

What is the phosphate buffer system?

A

a solution of monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate

49
Q

How is Chloride homeostasis achieved?

A

It is closley related to Na+ aka salt is both Na+ and Cl-

50
Q

When Ca2+ in within cells how is it managed?

A

It is kept inactive in the Smooth ER

51
Q

What is respiratory compensation?

A

—changes in pulmonary ventilation to correct changes in pH of body fluids by
expelling or retaining CO2

52
Q

What are the two categories of acid-base imbalance?

A

Respiratory and metabolic

53
Q

What are the major electrolytes of ECF?

A

Sodium salts

54
Q

What is a compensated metabolic imbalance?

A

When the kidneys compensate for pH imbalances of respiratory system or the respratory system compensates for pH imbalances of the kidneys

55
Q

What are the three types of extracellular fluid and their respective % of total body water?

A
  • Plasma and Lymphatic fluid 8%
  • Interstitial fluid 25%
  • trans-cellular fluid 2%
56
Q

What are the two types of fluid excess disorders?

A
  • Volume excess

- Hypotonic hydration

57
Q

A majority of the chemical buffering done in the body is carried out by the ___

A

protein buffer system 3/4th of buffering

58
Q

Sodium concentration is coordinated by?

A

Aldosterone”salt retaining hormone”

59
Q

What is the major electrolyte of ICF?

A

Potassium salts

60
Q

How does aldosterone cause sodium retention?

A
  • Binds to nuclear receptors
  • Activates transcription genes for sodium-potassium pump
  • Causes tubules to reabsorb more sodium and secrete more potassium
  • water and chloride passively follow
61
Q

What is the major anion in ECF?

A

Cl-

62
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone effect phosphate levels?

A
  • By increasing the excretion of phosphate

- Calcium and phosphate bind together so with less phosphate available more calcium becomes available

63
Q

What is long term thirst inhibition?

A

Inhibition due to:

  • Absorption of water to reduce osmolarity
  • requires 30+ minutes
64
Q

How does ammonia act to neutralize acids in tubular fluid?

A

By combinding with H+ and Cl- to form ammonium chlorideweak acid

65
Q

How do Natriuretic peptides effect sodium reabsorption?

A

-They inhibit sodium reabsorption as well as renin and ADH secretion
-causes the elimination of more Na+ and water thus lowering BP
-

66
Q

What occurs in the hypothalamus once it is triggered by dehydration?

A
  • Osmoreceotirs respond to angiotensis II from low BP and to the low osmolarity of ECF
  • Produces and releases ADH
  • C. cortex causes thirst
  • Salivation is innhibited
67
Q

What is the Bicarbonate buffer system?

A

A solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions

68
Q

What is the major anion in ICF?

A

PO4 -3

69
Q

Osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by _________ of each compartment

A

Relative concentrations of solutes

70
Q

Sodium salts account for _____ of osmolarity in ECF

A

90-95%

71
Q

How do glucocorticoids effect sodium level?

A

Promotes Na+ reabsorption

72
Q

How does Estrogen effect sodium levels?

A

Estrogen mimics aldosterone

73
Q

How does excessive sweating cause dehydration?

A
  • Sweat is lost
  • sweat gland produce more sweat
  • Loss of fluid cause rise in osmolarity and drop in pressure and volume
  • Blood reabsorbs tissue fluid to compensate
  • ICF diffuses out to replace lost tissue fluid
74
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

Water that is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism

75
Q

What is Hypotonic hydration?

A
  • AKA water intoxication/positive fluid balance
  • More water than Na+ retained or ingested
  • ECF becomes hypotonic
  • Causes cellular swelling
76
Q

What are the major cations of ICF?

A

K+ and Mg+

77
Q

Explain the process of H+ secretion and neutralization in the kidneys

A
  • Carbonic acid in the blood disassociates into CO2 and H2O then cross into tubule cell to reform into carbonic acid
  • Carbonic acid moves to next cell where it ionizes once more
  • H+ is sent out and Na+ from disassociated sodium bicarb(from filtrate) is taken in and sent to blood
  • H+ binds with HCO3 from the remainder of the sodium bicarb. which reforms carbonic acid
  • Carbonic acid is then separated by the CAH in the brush border of the tubule cell into H20 and CO2
  • The CO2 is reabsorbed and the H2O) is excreted
78
Q

What are the two types of thirst inhibition?

A

Short-term and long-term

79
Q

Water gain comes fro what two sources?

A
  • Preformed water

- Metabolic water

80
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A

raised pH from hyperventilation

81
Q

What are some causes and symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

A
  • Causes: Vitamin D Deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism
  • Increases membrane Na+ permeability, causes nervous and muscular systems to become excitable
  • results in tetany, laryngospasms, death
82
Q

What does aldosterone target?

A

-receptors in the ascending nephron loop, the DCT, and the cortical part of the collecting duct

83
Q

What do chloride imbalances result in?

A

a disturbance in acid base balance

84
Q

Acids are defined as

A

Any chemical that releases H+

85
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of Hypernatremia?

A
  • excess IV saline

- Causes water retention, hypertention, and edema

86
Q

What are the three major chemical buffers?

A
  • Bicarbonate
  • Phosphate
  • Protein systems
87
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

-increased production of organic acids, ingestion of acidic drugs, or loss of base from diarrhea

88
Q

What is obligatory water loss?

A

Output that is realtivley unavoidable such as expired air, cutaneous transpiration, sweat, fecal moisture, and minimum urine output

89
Q

What is a chemical buffer?

A

a substance that binds to H+ and removes from solution or releases H+ into solution

90
Q

How does alkalosis effect cells?

A

H+ diffused out of cells causing K+ to diffuse into cells

-This causes depolarization and over stimulation leading to spasms and death

91
Q

How is Potassium homeostasis achieved?

A

Linked to Na+

92
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

unnoticed water loss such as expired breath and cutaneous transpiration

93
Q

Sodium homeostasis is achieved by ___

A

regulating salt intake

94
Q

Where is the phosphate buffer system used the most?

A

in the ICF and renal tubles

95
Q

How does acidosis effect the cells?

A

H+ diffuses into cells and drives out K+ causing an elevation of K+ in the ECF
-elevated K+ causes membrane hyperpolarization and resulting effects

96
Q

What is the equation for the phosphate buffer system?

A

H2PO4− HPO4 2− + H+

97
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of Hypokalemia?

A

caused by sweating, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, aldosterone hyposecretion, alkalosis
-Makes nerves and muscles less excitable

98
Q

What is volume excess?

A
  • Retention of H2O and Na+
  • ECF remains isotonic
  • Caused by aldosterone hypersecretion or renal failure
99
Q

What is a uncompensated pH imbalance

A

When the body cannot correct the imbalance without intervention

100
Q

54% of magnesium is in the ___ and the rest is in ___

A
  • Bone

- ICF

101
Q

What is the protein that binds to Ca2+ to keep it inactive

A

Calsequestrin

102
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?

A
  1. 4

7. 35-7.45

103
Q

What is fluid excess?

A

A disorder of fluid balance where you begin to retain water

104
Q

What is the minimum urine output?

A

400mL/Day

105
Q

What are the two type of fluid deficiency?

A
  • Volume depletion

- Dehydration

Anatomy and Physiology 2B (7 decks)

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