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Anatomy and Physiology 2B > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of female puberty? TPM

A
  1. Thelarche-Brest development
  2. Pubarche- Pubic and axillary hairs
  3. Menarche-First menstral period
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2
Q

when do females begin ovulating regularly?

A

about a year after menarche

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3
Q

Define Climacteric.

What follows it

A

(period of decreased hormone secretion)

followed by menopause

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4
Q

When does climacteric begin?

A

When a female has about 1000 follicles left

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5
Q

What is menopause and when is it official?

A

A complete cessation of menstrual cycles official after no menstrual cycle for a year

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6
Q

What is the reproductive cycle?(Female)

A

the sequence of events from fertilization to giving birth and returning to pertility

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7
Q

What is the sexual cycle? (Fmale)

A

events that recur every month when

pregnancy does not intervene

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8
Q

What are the two cycles within the sexual cycle?

A

The ovarian cycle and the menstral cycle

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9
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

The production of eggs (oogenesis) and the production of follicles around it (Folliculogenesis)

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10
Q

What are the three main phases of Oogenesis?

A
  1. Embyonic development
  2. Resuming of development in adolescence
  3. Oocyte is ovulated
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11
Q

What occurs during Embryonic development in oogenesis?

A
  • Germ cells differentiate into oogonia and multiply via mitosis
  • Begin meitosis but pause in the first round as a primary oocyte.
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12
Q

What occurs onces egg development resumes during oogenesis?

A
  • Around 24 oocytes a month are stimulated by FSH to complete meiosis 1.
  • secondary oocyte continues meiosis until metaphase II
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13
Q

What are the final products of primary oocyte meiosis 1?

A
  • A secondary oocyte

- First polar body

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14
Q

What occurs during secondary oocyte ovulation?

A
  • If it is not fertilized it dies

- if fertilized it completes meiosis II and casts off second polar body

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15
Q

What occurs during Folliculogenesis Embryonic development

A
  • Primordial follicles form around primary oocytes(paused in meiosis I)
  • Simple squamish in cortex
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16
Q

What point do Recruted primordial follicles become primary follicles?

A

140 days into the cycle

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of a primary follicle?

A
  • Contains a secondary oocyte
  • Single layer of cuboidal cells
  • Develops FSH receptors
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18
Q

What controls the growth of primary follicles?

A

FSH

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19
Q

When are secondary follicles formed?

A

170 days into cycle

about 6 menstrual cycles from ovulation

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20
Q

What are the three main characteristics of a Secondary follicle? MZT

A
  • Multi-layered granulosa cells
  • Zona pellucida layer of gel forms around the oocyte
  • Theca folliculi connective tissue forms a husk around the follicle
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21
Q

What are the two layers of the theca folliculi?

A
  • The theca externa

- the theca interna

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22
Q

What is the function of the theca folliculi?

A
  • outter layer delivers nutrients, hormones, and cholesterol

- inner layer produces androgens from the delivered cholesterol(makes estrogen)

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23
Q

When do secondary follicles become tertiary follicles?

A

60 days before ovulation

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of tertiary follicles?

A
  • Large antrums of follicular fluid

- presence of a cumulus oophorus

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25
Q

What is the function of the cumulus oophorus?

A

It is a mound that surrounds the oocyte and secures it to pace

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26
Q

What is the function of the corona radiata and what follicle stage is it found in?

A
  • Inner layer of the cumulus

- Forms a protective layer similar to the blood-testis barrier

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27
Q

When do mature (graafian) follicles form?

A

20 days before ovulation they begin to captur FSH and grow

-normally only one tertuary follicle becomes mature

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28
Q

What is the average length of the sexual cycle?

A

28 days

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29
Q

What is the basic hierarchy of hormonal control of the sexual cycle

A

– Hypothalamus> pituitary >ovaries >uterus

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30
Q

The first two weeks of the sexual cycle are called the ____ because…

A

-follicular phase

Follicles are growing a one becomes mature

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31
Q

What occurs in the uterus during the follicular phase of the sexual cycle?

A

Menstruation during the first 3-5 days

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32
Q

What occurs on day 14 of the sexual cycle?

A

ovulation

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33
Q

The phase of the sexual cycle after ovulation is called?

A

The luteal phase

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34
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle?

A
  • The graafian follicle becomes a corpus luteum

- Corpus luteum stimulates the secretion and thickening of the endometrium

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35
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle if pregnancy does not occur?

A
  • The endometrium breaks down due to decreased stimulation from Corpus Luteum
  • menstruation begins and the cycle resets
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36
Q

What occurs in the ovarian cycle during the follicular phase?

A
  • FSH stimulates follicle growth
  • FSH stimulates production of estradiol in the follicles and a dominate one is picked
  • Dominate follicle up-regulates receptors for FSH, LH, and estradiol
  • Other follicles die
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37
Q

How does the dominant follicle survive when others die

A

It developed extra receptors for hormones as well as a rich blood supply.

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38
Q

What hormone does estradiol inhibit to cause the death of the non dominant follicles?

A

It inhibits GnRH which in tern inhibits FSH causing those without extra receptors to atrophy

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39
Q

What two hormones spike to induce ovulation?

A

LH and FSH

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40
Q

What events occur leading up to ovulation that are induced by LH

A
  • Primary oocyte matures by completing meiosis 1 producing secondary oocyte
  • Follicle swells
  • WBC’s weeken the wall of the follicle
  • Ovulation occurs
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41
Q

What becomes of the graafian follicle after ovulation?

A

It becomes a corpus luteum

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42
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

-Secretes estrogen and estradiol under the control of LH

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43
Q

What is the function of the estradiol produced by the corpus luteum?

A

to prepare the uterus for pregancy

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44
Q

What caused the corpus luteum to shrink and stop producing hormones?

A

Estradiol and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH

- The LH was maintaining the Corp. Lut.

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45
Q

Once the corpus luteum is fully involuted it becomes a ___

A

corpus albicans

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46
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Buildup of endometrium during most of the sexual cycle, followed
by its breakdown and vaginal discharge

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47
Q

What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Proliferative
  • Secretory
  • Premenstrual
  • Menstrual
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48
Q

Day one of the sexual cycle is visibly defined by___

A

The first noticeable vaginal discharge

49
Q

What is the length of the average menstrual phase?

A

5 days

50
Q

What occurs during the proliferative stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

-Endometrium thickens in response to increased estrogen.

51
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • The endometrium thickens even more because due to progesterone from corp. lute
  • coiled Endometrial glands produce glycogen
  • makes perfect environment for embryo
52
Q

What occurs during the premenstrual cycle of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Endometrium begins to degrade since Corp lute is involuted and progesteron levels fall.
  • spasmotic contractions occur
  • Interupts blood flow to endometrium
  • necrosis occurs and blood accumulates
53
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

-Menstrual fluid(blood and serous fluid) is discharged from vagina

54
Q

What does menstrual fluid contain to prevent clotting?

A

Fibrinolysin

55
Q

What occurs during the excitement and plateau phase of female sexual response?

A
  • Uterus stand up
  • Erectile tissue engorges
  • Serous fluid from vagina lubricates
  • Greater vestibular gland secretes lubrication
56
Q

What occurs during female orgasm?

A
  • Rise in HR, BP, and respirations
  • Vaginal contractions
  • Cervix plunges into vagina
  • Uterine paristaltic contractions ocur
57
Q

What occurs during the resolution phase of the female sexual response?

A

Everything returns to normal

58
Q

What is the average length of gestation in human females? (DAYS)

A

266 fomr conception to birth

59
Q

When does the gestational calendar begin?

A

The first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle

60
Q

How long after the LMP is birth bredicted?

A

280 days (40 weeks)

61
Q

What is the conceptus?

A

All products of conception

62
Q

What is a blastocyte?

A

before it is an embryo-the first two weeks. Is a hollow ball

63
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Day 16 to week 8 of pregnancy

64
Q

What is a fetus?

A

Beginning of week 9 to birth

65
Q

What is a neonate?

A

Newborn to 6 weeks

66
Q

What is the strongest influence on pregnancy?

A

Hormones

67
Q

What are the four main hormones of pregnancy?

A
  • Progestrone
  • Estrogens
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)
  • Human chorionic somatomammotropin(HCS)
68
Q

Where do nearly all of the hormones of pregnancy come from?

A

The placenta?

69
Q

Before the placenta what is the main hormone producing body during pregnancy? What weeks does the corpus luteum begin to degrade?

A

The corpus luteum

weeks 7-17

70
Q

What is the function of HCG?

A

Takes over for LH to sustain the corpus luteum

71
Q

What are the two things that secrete HCG?

A

The placenta and the blastocyte

72
Q

What is the hormone detected by at home pregnancy tests?

A

HCG

8-9 days after conception

73
Q

What is the role of estrogens during pregnancy?

A

Induces tissue growth in fetus and mother and relaxes pubic symphysis

74
Q

What are the roles of progesterone during pregnancy?

A
  • Supresses FSH and LH to prevent follicular development
  • Supresses uterine contractions
  • Increase the availability of nutrients for the blastocyte
  • Stimulates development of acini
75
Q

What is the role of HCS during pregnancy?

A
  • Similar effects to growth hormone but weeker

- reduces mothers insulin sensitivity and glucose leaving more for the fetus

76
Q

How is the mothers motabolism increased during pregnancy?

A

pregnancy hormones increases the size of the thyroid

77
Q

What are the noticeable changes in the digestive system during pregnancy?

A
  • Nausea,
  • constipation, due to reduced intestional motility
  • heartburn due to pressure in esophagus
78
Q

By how much does the BMR of a pregnant female raise in the second half of pregnancy?

A

15%

79
Q

What are the four nutriends in the highest demand during pregnancy?(excluding glucose)

A

Protein, iron, calcium, phosphates

80
Q

Why is vitamin K given to women in late pregnancy?

A

To promote prothrombin synthesis and minimize the risk of neonatal hemmorage

81
Q

What does folic acid reduce the risk of if taken before and during pregnancy?

A

Neurological fetal disorders like spina bifida and anencephaly

82
Q

What changes occur in the circulatory system during pregnancy?

A

increased blood volume and cardiac output from mother to support the needs of the placenta

83
Q

Why are pregnant woman prone to varicose veins, edema, and hemorrhoids

A

Due to the pressure that the uterus puts on the large pelvic blood vessels

84
Q

What changes occur within the respiratory system during pregnancy?

A

-Tidal volume and minutre ventilation increase to meet the demands of oxygen as well as due to the increase in Chemoreceptor sensitivity

85
Q

Why is it important that pregants women have lower blood CO2 levels?

A

CO2 levels need to be lower than the fetus or diffusion will not occur and fetal blood will become toxic

86
Q

What changes to the urinary system occur during pregnancy?

A
  • Increased aldosterone levels cause salt retention
  • GFR goes up increasing urine production
  • Bladder capacity is reduced
87
Q

What does the fetus do around month 7?

A

Begins to turn to a head down position

88
Q

How is the fetus a passive player in its own birth?

A

-Chemical stimulation from the fetus caused contractions

89
Q

What causes braxton hicks contractions?

A
  • Estradiol causes contractions but is inhibited by progesterone
  • Become stronger as progesterone levels begin to drop in late pregnancy
90
Q

What causes the initiation of true contractions in pregnancy?

A

The increase of OT from the pituitary gland and plecenta

91
Q

What are the effects of OT during pregnancy?

A
  • Direcct stimulation of the myometrium

- Stimulates fetal membranes to produce synergistic (to OT) prostaglandins

92
Q

What is paturition?

A

The process of giving birth?

93
Q

Why does stretching of the uterus cause contractions?

A

Because it consists of smooth muscle and when smooth muscle is stretched it responds by contacting

94
Q

Explain the positive feedback theory of labor.

A
  • induced by stretching of cervix
  • Triggers reflex contraction of uterus
  • Pushes fetus downward
  • Stretches cervix more
  • Cycle repeats
95
Q

Cervical stretching induces a _____ reflex that eventully releases ____

A
  • Neuroendocrine

- OT

96
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A
  • Dilation
  • expulsion
  • Placental stage
97
Q

What is primipara?

A

First time giving birth

98
Q

What is multipara?

A

any birth after the first time giving birth

99
Q

What occurs during the Dilation stage of labor and how long does it last?

A
  • lasts 8-24 hours
  • Dilation of cervical canal to 10cm(the size of fetal head)
  • Thinning of cervix
  • Rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid
100
Q

What occurs during the expulsion stage of labor?

A

-Entry of head into vagina to expulsion of baby

Lasts 30-60 minutes

101
Q

What is crowning?

A

When the baby’s head is visable

102
Q

What does the attendant do after expulsion of neonate?

A

Drains blood from umbilical vein and clamps it

103
Q

What occurs during the placental stage of lobor?

A
  • Placenta is expelled

- Placenta is inspected to insure complete expulsion of afterbirth

104
Q

What is the puerperium phase of pregnancy?

A
  • first 6 weeks postpartum

- Females anatomy and physiology return to normal

105
Q

How does brest-feeding affect puerperium?

A

Promotes the involution of the uterus by suppressing estrogen and stimulating oxytocin

106
Q

What is lactation?

A

The synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammory glands

107
Q

How long does/can lactation last?

A

as little as 1 week if not breast feeding to years if actively feeding

108
Q

What are the main influences of mammary development?

A
  • High estrogen levels cause growth in ducts of M. Glands

- Progesterone stimulates growth of acini

109
Q

What is colostrum?

A

-A substance similar to milk that is produced in late pregnancy

110
Q

Why is colostrum an important nutrition source?

A

It contains IgA antibodies to protect baby from gastroenteritis

111
Q

What hormone promotes milk systhesis?

A

prolactin

112
Q

What hormone inhibits prolactin?

A

Dopamine when not pregnant

113
Q

When does prolactin synthesis begin?

A

5 weeks into pregnancy

114
Q

How to prolactin levels fluctuate postpartum?

A
  • Drop to nonpregnancy levels

- Levels jump 10 to 20 times normal for an hour after infant nursing

115
Q

Why is it difficult for women to become pregnant while breast-feeding?

A

Breast-feeding inhibits GnRH and reduces ovarian cycling

116
Q

What type of reflex controls milk ejection?

A

A neuroendocrine reflex

117
Q

What action triggers milk ejection?

A
  • infant suckling causes neuroendocrine reflex
  • this releases OT
  • OT contracts epithelial cells around acinus
  • 30 to 60 seconds till flow
118
Q

What is meconium?

A

The first fecal maternal of a newborn. Green from bile

119
Q

How much milk can nursing women produce?

A

1.5 L a day

Anatomy and Physiology 2B (7 decks)

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