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Anatomy and Physiology 2B > Male reproductive System > Flashcards

Male reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sexual cells

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2
Q

When the two types of gametes combine they form a ___

A

zygote-fertilized egg

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3
Q

gametes produced by males are called

A

Sperm (spermatozoon)

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4
Q

Gamets produced by females are called?

A

Eggs (ovum)

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5
Q

Females are lacking a ___ chromosome

A

Y

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6
Q

The functions of the male reproduction system is to___

A

produce sperm and introduce it into the female body

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7
Q

The function of the female reproduction system is to ___

A

receive sperm from male, provides for the union of gametes, harbors fetus, and nourishes offspring

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8
Q

The male copulatory organ is the___

A

penis

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9
Q

The female copulatory organ is the___

A

Vagina

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10
Q

What are the male primary sex organs?

A

Testies

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11
Q

What are the female sex organs?

A

Ovaries

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12
Q

What are secondary sex organs?

A

Organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction

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13
Q

What are the female secondary sex organs? their collective function?

A
  • Uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • collectively receive sperm and harbor developing fetus
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14
Q

What are the male secondary sex organs? their collective function?

A
  • system of ducts,
  • glands;
  • penis delivers sperm cells
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15
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

Features that distinguish the sexes and influence mate attraction

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16
Q

When do secondary sex characteristics develop?

A

during puberty

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17
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics unique to males?

A
  • Facial hair
  • coarse visible hair on torso and limbs
  • muscular physique
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18
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics unique to females?

A
  • Distribution of body fat
  • breast enlargement
  • Hairless appearance of the skin
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19
Q

Our cells contain ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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20
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes determine sex?

A

1 pair

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21
Q

XX chromosomes produce___

XY chromosomes produce ____

A
  • Females

- Males

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22
Q

All eggs carry a ___ chromosome

Sperm carry both X and Y and a ___ ratio

A
  • X

- 50/50

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23
Q

Sex of a child is determined by____

A

the type of sperm that fertilizes the egg

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24
Q

How long into the pregnancy do gonads begin to develop?

A

5-6 weeks

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25
Q

What gene found in males initiates the development of testes?

A

the SRY gene

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26
Q

What point during development does the male embryo begin producing testosterone?

A

8-9 weeks

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27
Q

Female development of a fetus occurs whenever the is an absence of ___ not because of the presence of ___

A
  • Androgen hormones

- Estrogen

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28
Q

The glands of the penis/clitoris form from the ___ in embryonic development

A

Genital tubercle

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29
Q

The glands of the body of the penis/labia minora form from the ___ in embryonic development

A

Urogenital folds

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30
Q

The glands of the scrotum or labia majora form from the ___ in embryonic development

A

Labioscrotal folds

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31
Q

The penis is homologous to the ___

A

Clitoris

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32
Q

The scrotum is homologous to the___

A

Labia majora

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33
Q

At what point during development are the genitalia distinctly formed?

A

week 12

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34
Q

Where do gonads initially develop?

A

High in the abdominal cavity

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35
Q

Where do male gonads migrate to?

A

the scrotum

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36
Q

Where do female gonads migrate to?

A

The pelvic cavity

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37
Q

What is gubernaculum?

A

embryonic connective tissue cord extending from gonad to pelvic cavity floo

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38
Q

What is the vaginal process?

A

fold of peritoneum that extends into the scrotum

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39
Q

What is the Inguinal canal?

A

: pathway of low resistance through the groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal process

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40
Q

Where is the most common site of hernias in males?

A

the inguinal canal

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41
Q

How early does the decent of the testes begin?

A

as early as 6 weeks

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42
Q

What point during development do the testes finish their descent into the scrotum?

A

Month 7

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43
Q

The external genitalia of males are___

A

the penis and scrotum

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44
Q

What is the medial seam on scrotum surface that marks location of median septum

A

Perineal raphe

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45
Q

What temperature does sperm production occur at?

A

35 degrees Celsius

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46
Q

What three mechanisms regulate the temperature of the testes?

A
  • The cremaster muscle:contracts to draw testes up
  • The dartos fascia:wrinkles to hold agains warm body
  • Pampiniform plexus: remove body heat via venous surface area
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47
Q

The testes are covered laterally by the___

A

Tunica vaginalis

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48
Q

What is the white fibrous capsule on the testies?

A

The tunica albuginea

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49
Q

Connective tissue divides the testes into ______

A

200-300 wedge shaped lobes

50
Q

After sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules where does it go next?

A

Through the rete testis

51
Q

What allows sperm to flow from the testes

A

Fluid produced by nurse cells not the flagella on the sperm

52
Q

Sperm only swim___

A

when they are outside of the male reproductive tract

53
Q

What are the two main cell types within the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • A germinal epithelium of germ cells becoming sperm

- nurse cells

54
Q

What is the function of nurse cells within the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Protect germ cells
  • promote development of germ cells
  • Provide nutrients, waste removal, growth factors
  • produce fluid that allows sperm to be transported from the tubules
55
Q

What cells within the testes produce testosterone?

A

the interstitial endocrine cells

56
Q

What are the two main functions of the epididymis?

A
  • Site of sperm maturation

- site of storage

57
Q

What type of innervtion does the Ductus deferens have?

A

sympathetic

58
Q

What are the three male accessory glands

A
  • The seminal vesicles
  • The prostate
  • the bulbourethral glands
59
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Forms 60% of semen

60
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Produces a thin milky secretion that makes up 30% of semen

61
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A
  • Produce pre-ejaculate during sexual arrousal

- This neutralizes the acidity of the urethra

62
Q

What is the average age of puberty in males?

A

10-12 years

63
Q

What is the average age of puberty in females?

A

8-10

64
Q

What defines adolescence?

A

period from onset of gonadotropin

secretion and reproductive development to when a person attains full adult height

65
Q

What defines puberty

A

first few years of adolescence, until the
first menstrual period in girls or the first ejaculation
of viable sperm in boys

66
Q

What triggers the onset of puberty in males?

A

GnRH begins to be secreted in late childhood once the hypothalamus matures

67
Q

What is the hormone pathways that results in the beginning of testosterone production?

A
  • GnRH stimulates the release of LH (also know as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone(ICSH))
  • This stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
68
Q

What hormone pathway leads to the production of sperm?

A
  • GnRH also stimulates FSH
  • FSH causes nurse cells to release androgen binding protein
  • Testosterone stimulates spermogenisis in the presence of androgen binding protein
69
Q

How do nurse cells reduce sperm production without reducing testosterone?

A
  • Via the hormone inhibin

- inhibin inhibits FSH thus reducing the amount of ABP produce by the nurse cells

70
Q

How do testosterone levels regulate themselves?

A

Via a negative feedback loop which inhibits GnRH

71
Q

Other than sperm production, what are the effects of testosterone in puberty?

A
  • The development of secondary sex organs and characteristics
  • Increased libido
72
Q

What is the role of testosterone during aging in males?

A

-It sustains the male reproductive tract, sperm production and libido

73
Q

What are the two forms of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

74
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

When a body cell doubles its DNA and then divides to produce two genetically identical
daughter cells

75
Q

What are the four stages of Mitosis? PMAT

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
76
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Cell division that produces four gametes (haploid cells), each with only half the DNA of the diploid body cells

77
Q

Before prophase in mitosis what is occuring inside the cell?

A

The DNA is Duplicated and produce sister chromatids

78
Q

What occurs during mitosis prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

79
Q

What occurs during mitosis metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

80
Q

What occurs during mitosis anaphase?

A

Sister chromatid’s separate at centromere

81
Q

What occurs during mitosis telophase?

A

Cytokinesis occurs

82
Q

What is the final product of mitosis?

A

two identical daughter cells

83
Q

How many phases are there in Meiosis?

A

8, sames phases of mitosis just doubled

84
Q

What occurs during meiosis prophase 1?

A

Chromatins condense into homologue chromosome pairs called tetrads

85
Q

What occurs during meiosis Metaphase 1?

A
  • Homologue chromosomes line up

- Some cross over and trade DNA

86
Q

What occurs during Meiosis anaphase 1?

A

Homologue chromosomes separate

87
Q

What occurs during meiosis telephase 1?

A

A new nuclear envelope forms and cells undergo cytokinesis

88
Q

What occurs during meiosis prophase 2?

A

No duplication, chromosomes are only 2 cromatids

89
Q

What occurs during meiosis metaphase 2?

A

Chromosomes line up

90
Q

What occurs during meiosis anaphase 2?

A

sister chromatids separate

91
Q

What occurs during meiosis telophase 2?

A

Cytokinesis occurs with the end product being 4 haploid cells with single stranded chromosomes

92
Q

Spermatogonia divide by ____

A

Mitosis

93
Q

What are the products When spermatogonia divide via mitosis?

A
  • Type A spermatogonium

- Type B spermatogonium

94
Q

What is the function of a Type A spermatogonium?

A

To remain in the tubule wall as a stem cell

95
Q

What is the function of a type B spermatogonium?

A

To migrate away from the wall and begin producing sperm

96
Q

What becomes of the type B spermatogonium?

A

It enlarges and becomes a Primary spermatocyte

97
Q

What is the function of the primary spermatocyte?

A

To under go meiosis 1 to produce 2secondary spermatocytes

98
Q

What is the function of the secondary spermatocyte?

A

To undergo meiosis 2 and produce 2 spermatids

99
Q

Once spermatids are produced what is the next step?

A

They undergo spermiogenesis—-transformations and differentiate into spermatozoa(sperm)

100
Q

What are the three main transformations that a spermatid undergoes to become a spermatozoa?

A
  • Gain a flagellum
  • Gain an acrosome
  • Lose excess cytoplasm
101
Q

How are sperm protected form our immune system( since they are genetically different)?

A

They are surrounded by nurse cells throughout the process of spermiogenesis. The nurse cells protect them from the blood-testis barrier via tight junctions

102
Q

What are the two parts of a spermatozoon?

A

The head and tail

103
Q

What is within the head of the spermatozoon?

A
  • The nucleus

- the Acrosome

104
Q

What is the function of the acrosome of a spermatozoon?

A

enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg

105
Q

What are the three regions of the tail of a spermatozoon? along with the general function.

A
  1. Midpiece-Coontains mitochondria and produces ATP for flagellar movement
  2. principal piece- main body
  3. endpiece- tip
106
Q

What is the gross composition of semen?

A
  • 60% seminal fluid
  • 30% prostatic fluid
  • 10% sperm
107
Q

What is contained within prostatic fluid? CCIP

A

Milky white

  • Citrate
  • Clotting enzyme
  • Ion buffers
  • Prostate-specific antigen: dissolves clot so sperm can continue journey
108
Q

What is contained within Seminal fluid?

A

Yellow

  • Fructose-nutrient source
  • Prostaglandins-Thin mucus plug and stimulate revurse peristalsis
  • Proteins for clotting
109
Q

What are the four phases of coitus (male)?

A
  1. excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
    • Usually with ejaculation
  4. resolution
110
Q

What are the two main sources of stimuli to initate the excitment phase?(male)

A
  • Touch

- Vision(or dreams)

111
Q

excitement Stimuli from touch enter the sacral spinal cord via ____ (male)

A

The internal pudendal nerve

112
Q

excitement Stimuli from vision(or dreams) enter the sacral spinal cord via ____ (male)

A

the brain

113
Q

Once excitement stimuli is received what occurs next? (results in erection)(male)

A
  • Parasymapthetic fibers in pelvic nerve stimulate release of nitric oxide
  • Nitric oxide relaxes deep arteries in corpora cavernosa and relaxes the lacunae
  • Lacunae fill and cause an erection
114
Q

What occurs during the plateau phase?(male)

A
  • Respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressures are raised and sustained
  • few seconds to few minutes before phase 3
115
Q

What occurs during the orgasm phase?(male)

A

-Short intense reaction that usually results in an ejaculation

116
Q

What are the two phases of ejaculation?

A

-Emission and expulsion

117
Q

What occurs during the emmission phase of ejaculation (male)?

A

Lumbar sympathetic fibers cause:

  • Peristalisis of vas defferens
  • Secretions from prostate and seminal vesicles
118
Q

What occurs during the expulsion phase of ejaculation?

A

-Semen enter urethra and activate somatic and sympathetic reflexes

119
Q

What are the somatic efferents of the expulsion phase of ejaculation?(male)

A

Contraction of the bulbocavernosa muscle to expell sperm

120
Q

What are the sympathetic efferents of the expulsion phase of ejaculation?(male)

A
  • Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter so urine and semen dont mix
  • Additional secretions are added
121
Q

What occurs during the resolution phase? (male)

A
  • Blood flow reduced
  • flaccidity occurs
  • resp. and heart rate return to normal
  • refractory period inhibits erection for minutes to hours
122
Q

How is erectile dysfunction treated?

A
  • NO activates cGMP which causes blood flow to penis
  • ED drugs inhibit the breakdown of cGMP by PDE5
  • This increases the amount of available cGMP and allows for and erection

Anatomy and Physiology 2B (7 decks)

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