Urinary System Flashcards
Most of the work in the urinary system is done by the
Kidneys
paired parts of the urinary system
kidneys & ureters
unpaired parts of the urinary system
urethra
functions of the kidney
Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
Regulation of Blood pH Conservation of Valuable Nutrients
Production and Secretion of Hormones (Endocrine Function)
Assisting the Liver in Detoxification of Poisons
due to location the kidneys get protection from what
the ribs
why is the right kidney lower than the left?
the large liver is above the right kidney
an area on an organ where things come and go from the organ
Hilum
A deep vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney,where renal vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis pass into/out of the kidney
Hilum
filled with adipose and loose connective tissue
Renal sinus
Just past the hilum of the kidney
Renal sinus
Connective tissue capsule that covers the kidney
Renal capsule
functional part of an organ is called?
Parenchyma
what are the two parenchyma in the kidney
Renal cortex & medulla
two parts of the renal medulla
Pyramids & columns
superficial parenchyma of the kidney
cortex
Deep parenchyma of the kidney
medulla
Associated with developing kidney in the fetus
Renal lobe
what percent of the total body mass does the kidney make up?
0.5%
what percent of cardiac out (blood) out does the kidney receive?
20-25%
how many mL of blood does the kidney receive per minute
1200
How many liters of urine do the kidneys produce per day?
2L
fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood
Ultra filtrate
what percent of the ultra filtrate is brought back into the body?
99%
what can’t pass through into the filtrate?
Proteins and RBC’s
what pulls most of filtrate back into the blood stream?
Vasa Recta
What is fundamental structure and functional unit of the kidney
a Nephron
What are the two parts of the nephron
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
How many nephrons are in a human kidney?
1 mil
Where does resorption and secretion occur?
renal tubule
Where does each nephron drain into?
Collecting duct
99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed during what step?
tubular reabsorption
Where does the reabsorbed filtrate return to the blood
peritubular cappilaries
tubule cells can remove additional substances (ex. wastes, drugs, and excessive ions) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries
Tubular Secretion
water and most solutes in blood plasma move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular (i.e. Bowman’s) capsule
Glomerular Filtration
where is the ultra filtrate of the kidney made?
Glomerular Capsule
completed to help maintain the homeostasis of blood’s volume and composition
urine production
where is the renal corpuscle located?
Renal Cortex
What is at the bringing of the nephron?
renal corpuscle
the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule make up the
renal corpuscle
How many capillary loops are in the glomerulus
10-20
What supplies the glomerular capillaries
afferent arteriole
The glomerular capillaries are drained by
efferent arteriole
Blood flowing through the capillary loops undergoes filtration to produce glomerular ultrafiltrate which is collected where
capsular space of the Bowman’s capsule
Where is the capsular space found?
in between the visceral and parietal layers of the bowman’s capsule
The partial layer of the bowman’s capsule is what type of tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
The visceral layer consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called
podocytes
extensions of podocytes
pedicels
space between two pedicels (~30-40nm) is called a
filtration slit
where does the ultrafiltrate from the blood enters Bowman’s space
filtration slit
semipermeable membrane covering this slit called a
slit diaphragm
provide a lot structural support and are found in basement membrane
Mesangial cells
Provide phagocytic activity
for when large items get stuck when trying to pass into the filtrate
Mesangial cells
why is the phagocytic activity mesangial cells important for filtration?
gets stuck items out of the way for other things can move into the filtrate
How are mesangial cells involved in immune responce?
secrete cytokines
the end of the corpuscle that is associated with arterioles
Vascular Pole
180 degrees away from the Vascular Pole
urinary or tubular pole
where filtrate exits Bowman’s space and enters PCT
urinary or tubular pole
where afferent and efferent arterioles enter/exit
Vascular Pole
Consists of a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
renal tubule
where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs
renal tubule
Part or renal tubule that attaches to the glomerular capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
The part of the renal tubule that extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla, turns, and returns to cortex
Loop of Henle
The part of the renal tubule that lies within the renal cortex and empties into a collecting duct
Distal Convoluted Tubule
What type of epithelium are the thick parts of the renal tubule made out of?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
in a renal tubule section will there be more Proximal CT’s or Distal CT’s?
Proximal convoluted tubules
which of the convoluted tubules typically has a larger diameter?
Proximal convoluted tubules
which of the convoluted tubules typically is more eosinophilic?
Proximal convoluted tubules
which of the convoluted tubules has a brush boarder?
Proximal convoluted tubules
which of the convoluted tubules has a more regular shaped lumen?
Distal convoluted tubules
What type of epithelium are the thin parts of the renal tubule made of?
simple squamous epithelium
What part of the kidney are the DCT’s found in?
the cortex
Has fewest microvilli of the CT’s
DCT’s
a region where the cells are crowded together and become columnar with apical nuclei
macula densa
Which convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arteriole from the same nephron
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Alongside the macula densa and the wall of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells called
juxtaglomerular cells
what makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Macula Densa
juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells (lacis)
helps to regulate blood pressure within the kidneys
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Cells that have granules at the api cal surface that contain renin
Macula Densa
Cells that secrete proteases involved in the angiotensin pathway
Macula Densa
Specialized smooth muscles cells of the afferent arterioles
juxtaglomerular cells
What collects urine from the distal convoluted tubules
Collecting ducts
Merge and become larger as they descend through the cortex and medulla
Collecting ducts
Simple cuboidal epithelium that transitions to simple columnar epithelium as ducts increase in size
Collecting ducts
What are the two populations of cells in the collecting ducts
Principal cells
Intercalated (IC) cells
Collecting duct cells that have dense cytoplasm and microvilli
Intercalated (IC) cells
Collecting duct cells that with single primary cilium and apical plans membrane folds (lack actin core)
Principal cells
Collecting duct cells that have abundance of ADH-regulated water channels
Principal cells
How do you tell the difference between collecting ducts and PCTs & DCTs?
Clear cytoplasm and cells borders are distinct
When the cells or the collecting duct become simple columnar they are what structure?
papillary duct
What type of epithelium are the minor calyces (and subsequent structures)?
Transitional epithelium
At what point can stuff from the filtrate not be pulled back into the body?
Once it drips into the minor calyx
What is the purpose of transitional epithelium?
Protect the body from urine
cell population is simple columnar epithelium
Papillary ducts
Type of nephron that has the renal corpuscle closet to the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephron
Type of nephron that makes up 1/8 of total nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephron
Type of nephron that has a long Loop of Henle
Juxtamedullary nephron
Type of nephron that has corpuscle close to the renal capsule
Cortical nephron
Type of nephron that makes up 7/8 of the total nephrons
Cortical nephron
Contains only straight tubules
Medullary ray
area where there are a lot of Bowman’s capsules
Labyrinths
Name the types of smooth muscles in the urinary system from inner to outer layers
Longitudinal
circular
layers in the mucosa of the urinary system
Transitional epithelium
Lamina propria
where are the ureters located
retroperitoneal
where is the bladder located
just posterior to the pubic symphysis
The bladder has extra what that breaks up the muscular layer
Connective tissue
I the urethra longer in males or females
Males
Name the three types of urethra in males
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Spongy Urethra
The type of urethra in the male lined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Membranous Urethra
The type of urethra in the male that is lined by urothelium
Prostatic Urethra
The type of urethra in the male lined stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and then distally by stratified squamous epithelium
Spongy Urethra
Lined initially by urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium, with the occasional pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Female urethra
Once renal arteries enter sinus they are called
segmental arteries
what are the arteries of the kidney called once they enter the parenchyma?
interloblar
arteries that run between the medulla and the cortex
arcuate arteries
Arteries of the kidney that head up into the cortex and give off afferent arterioles
Interlobular
What artery does not a have a respectively named vein
segmental (interlobar vein –> renal vein)
