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Mia's Anatomy: Unit 2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the work in the urinary system is done by the

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

paired parts of the urinary system

A

kidneys & ureters

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3
Q

unpaired parts of the urinary system

A

urethra

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4
Q

functions of the kidney

A

Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
Regulation of Blood pH Conservation of Valuable Nutrients
Production and Secretion of Hormones (Endocrine Function)
Assisting the Liver in Detoxification of Poisons

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5
Q

due to location the kidneys get protection from what

A

the ribs

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6
Q

why is the right kidney lower than the left?

A

the large liver is above the right kidney

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7
Q

an area on an organ where things come and go from the organ

A

Hilum

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8
Q

A deep vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney,where renal vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis pass into/out of the kidney

A

Hilum

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9
Q

filled with adipose and loose connective tissue

A

Renal sinus

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10
Q

Just past the hilum of the kidney

A

Renal sinus

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11
Q

Connective tissue capsule that covers the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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12
Q

functional part of an organ is called?

A

Parenchyma

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13
Q

what are the two parenchyma in the kidney

A

Renal cortex & medulla

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14
Q

two parts of the renal medulla

A

Pyramids & columns

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15
Q

superficial parenchyma of the kidney

A

cortex

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16
Q

Deep parenchyma of the kidney

A

medulla

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17
Q

Associated with developing kidney in the fetus

A

Renal lobe

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18
Q

what percent of the total body mass does the kidney make up?

A

0.5%

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19
Q

what percent of cardiac out (blood) out does the kidney receive?

A

20-25%

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20
Q

how many mL of blood does the kidney receive per minute

A

1200

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21
Q

How many liters of urine do the kidneys produce per day?

A

2L

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22
Q

fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood

A

Ultra filtrate

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23
Q

what percent of the ultra filtrate is brought back into the body?

A

99%

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24
Q

what can’t pass through into the filtrate?

A

Proteins and RBC’s

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25
Q

what pulls most of filtrate back into the blood stream?

A

Vasa Recta

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26
Q

What is fundamental structure and functional unit of the kidney

A

a Nephron

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27
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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28
Q

How many nephrons are in a human kidney?

A

1 mil

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29
Q

Where does resorption and secretion occur?

A

renal tubule

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30
Q

Where does each nephron drain into?

A

Collecting duct

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31
Q

99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed during what step?

A

tubular reabsorption

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32
Q

Where does the reabsorbed filtrate return to the blood

A

peritubular cappilaries

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33
Q

tubule cells can remove additional substances (ex. wastes, drugs, and excessive ions) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries

A

Tubular Secretion

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34
Q

water and most solutes in blood plasma move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular (i.e. Bowman’s) capsule

A

Glomerular Filtration

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35
Q

where is the ultra filtrate of the kidney made?

A

Glomerular Capsule

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36
Q

completed to help maintain the homeostasis of blood’s volume and composition

A

urine production

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37
Q

where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

Renal Cortex

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38
Q

What is at the bringing of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle

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39
Q

the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule make up the

A

renal corpuscle

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40
Q

How many capillary loops are in the glomerulus

A

10-20

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41
Q

What supplies the glomerular capillaries

A

afferent arteriole

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42
Q

The glomerular capillaries are drained by

A

efferent arteriole

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43
Q

Blood flowing through the capillary loops undergoes filtration to produce glomerular ultrafiltrate which is collected where

A

capsular space of the Bowman’s capsule

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44
Q

Where is the capsular space found?

A

in between the visceral and parietal layers of the bowman’s capsule

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45
Q

The partial layer of the bowman’s capsule is what type of tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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46
Q

The visceral layer consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called

A

podocytes

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47
Q

extensions of podocytes

A

pedicels

48
Q

space between two pedicels (~30-40nm) is called a

A

filtration slit

49
Q

where does the ultrafiltrate from the blood enters Bowman’s space

A

filtration slit

50
Q

semipermeable membrane covering this slit called a

A

slit diaphragm

51
Q

provide a lot structural support and are found in basement membrane

A

Mesangial cells

52
Q

Provide phagocytic activity

for when large items get stuck when trying to pass into the filtrate

A

Mesangial cells

53
Q

why is the phagocytic activity mesangial cells important for filtration?

A

gets stuck items out of the way for other things can move into the filtrate

54
Q

How are mesangial cells involved in immune responce?

A

secrete cytokines

55
Q

the end of the corpuscle that is associated with arterioles

A

Vascular Pole

56
Q

180 degrees away from the Vascular Pole

A

urinary or tubular pole

57
Q

where filtrate exits Bowman’s space and enters PCT

A

urinary or tubular pole

58
Q

where afferent and efferent arterioles enter/exit

A

Vascular Pole

59
Q

Consists of a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle (nephron loop), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

renal tubule

60
Q

where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs

A

renal tubule

61
Q

Part or renal tubule that attaches to the glomerular capsule

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

62
Q

The part of the renal tubule that extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla, turns, and returns to cortex

A

Loop of Henle

63
Q

The part of the renal tubule that lies within the renal cortex and empties into a collecting duct

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

64
Q

What type of epithelium are the thick parts of the renal tubule made out of?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

65
Q

in a renal tubule section will there be more Proximal CT’s or Distal CT’s?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

66
Q

which of the convoluted tubules typically has a larger diameter?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

67
Q

which of the convoluted tubules typically is more eosinophilic?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

68
Q

which of the convoluted tubules has a brush boarder?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

69
Q

which of the convoluted tubules has a more regular shaped lumen?

A

Distal convoluted tubules

70
Q

What type of epithelium are the thin parts of the renal tubule made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

71
Q

What part of the kidney are the DCT’s found in?

A

the cortex

72
Q

Has fewest microvilli of the CT’s

A

DCT’s

73
Q

a region where the cells are crowded together and become columnar with apical nuclei

A

macula densa

74
Q

Which convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arteriole from the same nephron

A

thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

75
Q

Alongside the macula densa and the wall of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells called

A

juxtaglomerular cells

76
Q

what makes up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

A

Macula Densa
juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells (lacis)

77
Q

helps to regulate blood pressure within the kidneys

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

78
Q

Cells that have granules at the api cal surface that contain renin

A

Macula Densa

79
Q

Cells that secrete proteases involved in the angiotensin pathway

A

Macula Densa

80
Q

Specialized smooth muscles cells of the afferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular cells

81
Q

What collects urine from the distal convoluted tubules

A

Collecting ducts

82
Q

Merge and become larger as they descend through the cortex and medulla

A

Collecting ducts

83
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium that transitions to simple columnar epithelium as ducts increase in size

A

Collecting ducts

84
Q

What are the two populations of cells in the collecting ducts

A

Principal cells

Intercalated (IC) cells

85
Q

Collecting duct cells that have dense cytoplasm and microvilli

A

Intercalated (IC) cells

86
Q

Collecting duct cells that with single primary cilium and apical plans membrane folds (lack actin core)

A

Principal cells

87
Q

Collecting duct cells that have abundance of ADH-regulated water channels

A

Principal cells

88
Q

How do you tell the difference between collecting ducts and PCTs & DCTs?

A

Clear cytoplasm and cells borders are distinct

89
Q

When the cells or the collecting duct become simple columnar they are what structure?

A

papillary duct

90
Q

What type of epithelium are the minor calyces (and subsequent structures)?

A

Transitional epithelium

91
Q

At what point can stuff from the filtrate not be pulled back into the body?

A

Once it drips into the minor calyx

92
Q

What is the purpose of transitional epithelium?

A

Protect the body from urine

93
Q

cell population is simple columnar epithelium

A

Papillary ducts

94
Q

Type of nephron that has the renal corpuscle closet to the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

95
Q

Type of nephron that makes up 1/8 of total nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

96
Q

Type of nephron that has a long Loop of Henle

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

97
Q

Type of nephron that has corpuscle close to the renal capsule

A

Cortical nephron

98
Q

Type of nephron that makes up 7/8 of the total nephrons

A

Cortical nephron

99
Q

Contains only straight tubules

A

Medullary ray

100
Q

area where there are a lot of Bowman’s capsules

A

Labyrinths

101
Q

Name the types of smooth muscles in the urinary system from inner to outer layers

A

Longitudinal

circular

102
Q

layers in the mucosa of the urinary system

A

Transitional epithelium

Lamina propria

103
Q

where are the ureters located

A

retroperitoneal

104
Q

where is the bladder located

A

just posterior to the pubic symphysis

105
Q

The bladder has extra what that breaks up the muscular layer

A

Connective tissue

106
Q

I the urethra longer in males or females

A

Males

107
Q

Name the three types of urethra in males

A

Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Spongy Urethra

108
Q

The type of urethra in the male lined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Membranous Urethra

109
Q

The type of urethra in the male that is lined by urothelium

A

Prostatic Urethra

110
Q

The type of urethra in the male lined stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and then distally by stratified squamous epithelium

A

Spongy Urethra

111
Q

Lined initially by urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium, with the occasional pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Female urethra

112
Q

Once renal arteries enter sinus they are called

A

segmental arteries

113
Q

what are the arteries of the kidney called once they enter the parenchyma?

A

interloblar

114
Q

arteries that run between the medulla and the cortex

A

arcuate arteries

115
Q

Arteries of the kidney that head up into the cortex and give off afferent arterioles

A

Interlobular

116
Q

What artery does not a have a respectively named vein

A

segmental (interlobar vein –> renal vein)

Mia's Anatomy: Unit 2 (7 decks)

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